The survey included questions about the symptoms patients identified as adverse, causal associations with treatment, and the impact of contextual factors. 3-deazaneplanocin A Descriptive statistics are reported, and Poisson modeling predicted factors associated with identification of adverse responses.

Results: A response rate of 76.2% (324 of 425) was obtained. Having lumbar spine dysfunction was a significant

predictor of all adverse responses (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.513 [1.025, 2.235], P = 0.037) and was associated with 51% greater identification of adverse responses compared with those with an extremity disorder. Expectation of soreness was “”protective”" against identifying major adverse responses (IRR [95% CI] = 0.915 [0.838, 0.999], P = 0.047); they had an 8.5% lower rate of identifying major adverse responses relative to those without this expectation.

Conclusions: The patient perspective is important to consider if a comprehensive framework for defining adverse responses in manual therapies is to be developed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Substituted salicylaldehydes reacted with ethyl diazoacetate to give ethyl 1-benzofuran-3-carboxylates

containing various substituents in the aromatic ring. The Diels-Alder signaling pathway reaction of these compounds with Danishefsky’s diene was regioselective, and it provided an effective method for the construction of the heterocyclic skeleton of hexahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-7-one or tetrahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-7-one. The adducts were found to undergo rearrangement to substituted 4′-hydroxybiphenyl-2-yl methyl carbonates during column chromatography on silica gel.”
“Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis is a skin eruption characterized

by millet-sized erythema with an anemic halo appearing on exposed body areas. Insect bites, particularly Crenigacestat datasheet mosquito bites, have been reported as one of the causes of eruptive pseudoangiomatosis. We experienced two cases of eruptive pseudoangiomatosis and the eruption was seen on the face and upper extremities of two women aged 48 and 77 years old. The two cases consented to be experimentally bitten by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and Aedes albopictus to determine if eruptive pseudoangiomatosis could be experimentally elicited by these mosquitoes. Our results showed that several minutes after a C.similar to pipiens mosquito bite, an erythematous spot appeared on the bite site, followed by the formation of an anemic halo surrounding the erythema in 30 min; a successful reproduction of eruptive pseudoangiomatosis. The erythema lasted for more than a week and was not accompanied by any pruritus. With A.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Appropriately controlled gene expression is fundamental for normal growth and survival of all living organisms. In eukaryotes, the transcription of protein-coding mRNAs is dependent

on RNA polymerase II (Pol II). The multi-subunit transcription cofactor Mediator complex is proposed to regulate most, if not all, of the Pol II-dependent transcription. Here we focus our discussion on two subunits of the Mediator complex, cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and its regulatory partner Cyclin C (CycC), because they are either mutated or amplified in a variety of human cancers. CDK8 functions as an oncoprotein in melanoma and colorectal cancers, thus there are considerable interests in developing drugs specifically targeting the CDK8 kinase activity. However, to evaluate the feasibility of targeting CDK8 for cancer therapy and to understand how mTOR inhibitor BB-94 their dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis, it is essential to elucidate the in vivo function and regulation of CDK8-CycC, which are still poorly understood in multi-cellular organisms.

We summarize the evidence linking their dysregulation to various cancers and present our bioinformatics and computational analyses on the structure and evolution of CDK8. We also discuss the implications of these observations in tumorigenesis. Because most of the Mediator subunits, including CDK8 and CycC, are highly conserved during eukaryotic evolution, we expect that investigations using model organisms such as Drosophila will provide important insights into the function and regulation of CDK8 and CycC in different cellular and developmental contexts.”
“The objective of this study is to investigate the association between clinical and laboratory prognostic factors, radiographic severity,

and functional limitations in Turkish patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). One hundred and two patients with AS were included in this study (66 male patients, 65%). All the necessary information regarding predictor variables, including clinical features, social status, and treatment regimens, were recorded diligently. Their spinal Selleck 8-Bromo-cAMP mobility was measured, and then, their disease activities were evaluated by using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Radiological damage (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index, BASRI) and functional disability (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, BASFI) were used to evaluate the outcome measures of AS. The male to female ratio was 1.8. Average age at symptom onset was 23.9 +/- 28.24 years (6-54 years), and average disease duration was 16.15 +/- 10.62 years. Occiput-to-wall distance, hand-to-floor distance, and the modified Schober’s test results were worse in males. Hip involvement was more common in male patients, and all radiological measurements were worse in male patients than in the female ones.

As many now have come to reassess their approach to the management of GDM, we provide information in this review to help guide this process. The goal for each health care practitioner should continue to be to provide optimum care for women discovered to have carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:1379-93)

DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823974e2″
“Linum usitatissimum (Linn.), commonly known as flaxseed, which is a good source of dietary fiber and lignans. Secoisolaricirecinol diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed and omega-3 fatty acids (n-3-FA) from algal source have been shown to have multiple health benefits including cardiovascular disorders and related disorders. The objective of present study was to prepare methanolic fraction of flax lignan concentrate (MF-FLC) and to investigate the antihyperlipidemic see more activity of MF-FLC and omega-3-fatty acid alone and in Selleck ABT 737 combination after acute administration in poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Solvent-solvent extraction method revealed around 3 times increase in SDG lignan content than that of flax lignan concentrate. Acute hyperlipidemia was induced in rats using poloxamer

407 (1 ml of 30%, w/v; i.p.). Concomitant administration of MF-FLC (100 mg/kg) and n-3-FA (1 ml/kg) significantly reduced serum cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p < 0.001) and very low density lipoprotein (p PF-03084014 < 0.001) whereas high density lipoprotein showed significant increase (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that supplementation of MF-FLC and n-3-FA can be useful for prevention/control of hyperlipidemia. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review

Four new therapies have been recently approved for the treatment of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer; still, more treatment options are

needed. This review summarizes the data supporting a role for novel chemotherapies including epothilones and immunomodulators (IMiDs), as well as other novel agents within the new landscape of approved therapies.

Recent findings

Epothilones are a class of chemotherapy that target microtubule disassembly, similar to taxanes. Results from phase II studies demonstrating a positive impact on serum prostate-specific antigen for patupilone and sagopilone, current epothilones in development, along with those of ixabepilone, are comparable with historical response rates to docetaxel, the current first-line chemotherapy for castration-resistant disease. IMiDs, including lenalidamide and thalidomide, are also in active development in castration-resistant prostate cancer. A recent phase III study evaluating the combination of lenalidomide and docetaxel revealed decreased overall survival relative to docetaxel alone; however, additional trials are currently recruiting to investigate lenalidomide in various other combination regimens.

At postoperative day 21, the high-power He-Ne laser irradiation (output power 120 mW, 6 mm in diameter, 30 min each session, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dorsomorphin-2hcl.html every other day) was performed on 20 scars. At postoperative day 35, the hydroxyproline content, apoptosis rate, PCNA protein expression and FADD mRNA level were assessed. The in vitro study showed that the irradiation group that received the power densities of 100 and 150 mW/cm(2)

showed decreases in the cell proliferation index, increases in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, and decreases in collagen synthesis and type I procollagen gene expression. In the in vivo animal studies, regions exposed to He-Ne irradiation showed a significant decrease in scar thickness Idasanutlin chemical structure as well as decreases in hydroxyproline levels and PCNA protein expression. Results from the in vitro and in vivo studies suggest

that repeated irradiation with a He-Ne laser at certain power densities inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, thereby inhibits the growth of hypertrophic scars.”
“China has experienced a transition from a history of undernutrition to a rapid increase in obesity. The China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing longitudinal, household-based survey of urban and rural residents of nine provinces, documents these changes using measured height and weight across 53,298 observations from 18,059 participants collected from 1991 to 2011. Adult overweight (body mass index [BMI] >= 25 kg/m(2)) prevalence nearly tripled from 1991 (11.7%) to 2009 (29.2%), with significant cohort and age-related effects (stronger in males). Among youth, quantile regression reveals changes across

the BMI distribution. By 2009, approximately 12% of children and adolescents were overweight, and 3% of 7-11-year-olds and 1% of 12-17-year-olds were obese (International Obesity Taskforce BMI 25 and 30 kg/m(2) equivalents, respectively). In 1991-2000, urbanicity Nec-1s price was strongly and positively associated with BMI, but in 2000-2011, trends were similar across rural and urban areas. Among women, the burden has shifted to lower educated women (the reverse is true for males, as overweight was higher in men of higher education). Our findings highlight the importance of preventive measures early in the life cycle to reduce weight gain.”
“Morbidly obese patients display cardiac abnormalities which are partially reversed after weight loss. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential difference in cardiovascular disease indices between patients who underwent either gastric bypass surgery or sleeve gastrectomy.

Thirty-seven morbidly obese patients who underwent either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n = 14) or SG (n = 23) were examined before, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Indices of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated, namely baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV).

S. cerevisiae is shown to produce an ECM and respond to quorum sensing, and FG-4592 supplier multi-cellular aggregates have lowered susceptibility to antifungals. Adhesion

is mediated by a family of cell surface proteins of which Flo11 has been shown to be essential for biofilm development. FLO11 expression is regulated via a number of regulatory pathways including the protein kinase A and a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Advanced genetic tools and resources have been developed for S. cerevisiae including a deletion mutant-strain collection in a biofilm-forming strain background and GFP-fusion protein collections. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae biofilm is well applied for confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorophore tagging of proteins, DNA and RNA. These techniques can be used to uncover the molecular mechanisms for biofilm development, drug resistance and for the study of molecular interactions, cell response to environmental cues, cell-to-cell variation and niches in S. cerevisiae biofilm. Being closely related to Candida species, S. cerevisiae is a model to investigate

biofilms of pathogenic yeast.”
“The composition of polyphenols in the skin, seed and pulp extracts of the grapes of Vranec and Smederevka varieties, and Merlot and Chardonnay as well, was analyzed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and MS/MS techniques. Thirty-one phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols, as well as phenolic acids derivatives, have RG-7112 ic126 been identified in the extracts prepared from the grapes at physiological maturity, by mass spectrometry applying electrospray ionization selleckchem operated in alternating ion mode and by performing tandem MS experiments

in the ion trap mass analyzer. Grapes were analyzed at three different phases: (i) veraison, (ii) physiological ripeness and (iii) late harvest, in order to follow the evolution of polyphenolic content during berry development, applying spectrophotometric methods. Vranec had a higher polyphenolic content compared to Merlot due to the higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids in the skins and seeds as well as a higher content of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins in the skins, allowing discriminating the varieties. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis presented significantly higher relative amounts of anthocyanin monoglucosides and p-coumaroylglucosides in Vranec grapes. Smederevka seeds had a higher amount of flavan-3-ols than Chardonnay, while a higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids was found in the skins of the Chardonnay variety. Anthocyanin content in both red varieties increased during the berry ripening, while flavan-3-ols in seeds were mainly accumulated in the veraison phase followed by decrease of the content with ripening. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553410]“
“Purpose: To evaluate the use of time-resolved magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in the presurgical localization of the artery of Adamkiewicz prior to reimplantation of the feeding intercostal artery, lumbar artery, or both during aortic aneurysm repair.

Materials and Methods: This institutional review board-approved retrospective study included 68 patients ( 36 men, 32 women) who underwent time-resolved spinal MR angiography (0.2 mmol per kilogram of body weight gadobenate

dimeglumine administered at a rate of 2.0 mL per second) performed with a 3.0-T AZD8055 inhibitor imager with a dedicated eight-element spine coil. Images were reviewed at a three-dimensional workstation by two experienced radiologists in consensus. THZ1 mouse The artery of Adamkiewicz was identified, and the location of the feeding intercostal and/or lumbar artery was ascertained by using a five-point confidence index ( scores ranged from 1 to 5). The phases in which the artery of Adamkiewicz, aorta, and great anterior radiculomedullary vein (GARV) demonstrated peak enhancement were also recorded.

Results: The artery

of Adamkiewicz and the location of the feeding intercostal and/or lumbar artery were identified with high confidence in 60 (88%) of the 68 patients. Origins of the artery of Adamkiewicz were on the left side of the body in 65% of patients and on the right side in 35%. The level of origin ranged from the T6 neuroforamina to the L1 neuroforamina. The arrival of contrast material was highly variable in this patient population, which had substantial aortic disease. The highest signal intensity in the aorta, artery of Adamkiewicz, selleck chemicals and GARV occurred a mean of 55 seconds (range, 27-99 seconds; 95% confidence interval [CI] 51, 58), 72 seconds (range, 38-110 seconds; 95% CI: 68, 76), and 95 seconds (range, 46-156 seconds; 95% CI: 89, 101) after contrast material administration, respectively.

Conclusion: The artery of Adamkiewicz and the anterior spinal artery can be identified

and differentiated from the GARV even in patients with substantially altered hemodynamics by using time-resolved 3.0-T MR angiography. (c) RSNA, 2010″
“The immune mechanism(s) that lead to hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HB-ACLF) are poorly understood. Interleukin-21 is a newly discovered cytokine that is involved in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Its potential role in HB-ACLF remains unknown. The serum levels of 12 immune cytokines measured by cytometric bead arrays and the frequency of IL-21-secreting CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) measured by intracellular cytokine staining were compared in moderate chronic hepatitis B (M-CHB, n = 20), severe chronic hepatitis B (S-CHB, n = 20), HB-ACLF (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 10).

The participants rated rheumatology education as important but rated the time spent on rheumatology education

as poor. More than 80% of the participants reported a low level of confidence in performing a musculoskeletal physical examination. Of the participants, 75% scored 65% or less in the validated rheumatology examination. The findings of the present study indicate that medical education in rheumatology is inadequate at both the basic and clinical levels. The competence level of graduating physicians in musculoskeletal problem solving is click here inadequate. Furthermore, the time devoted to rheumatology education and training is disproportionately low compared to the frequency of musculoskeletal complaints encountered in general practice.”
“Anti-melanogenesis screening of 47 synthesized curcumin-like diarylpentanoid analogues was performed to show that some had a potent inhibitory effect on the melanogenesis

in B16 melanoma cells. Their actions were considered to be mostly due to tyrosinase inhibition, tyrosinase expression inhibition, and melanin pigment degradation. The structure-activity relationships of those curcumin-like diarylpentanoid analogues which inhibited the melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity were also discussed. Of those compounds assayed, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone showed the most potent anti-melanogenesis effect, GSK1904529A datasheet the mechanism of which is considered to be the degradation of the melanin pigment in B16 melanoma cells, affecting neither the tyrosinase activity nor tyrosinase expression.”
“Ion beam-assisted pulsed laser deposition with an Ar-oxygen ion mixture was used to prepare BV-6 Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)Ti(0.7)Zr(0.3)O(3) (BSTZ) thin films on Pt-coated Si substrates. The ion beam with an anode voltage of 600 V was effective to reduce the thermal budget, i.e., to achieve similar crystallinity with approximately

100 degrees C lower deposition temperature compared to the cases without ionization. It was revealed that the dielectric properties (relative dielectric constant epsilon(r) and its electric field tunability), out-of-plane lattice parameter of (001)-oriented grains (a(001)), and the existence of (110)-oriented grains are correlated with one another. Elongation of a(001) was suppressed, resulting in large epsilon(r) values comparable with that of a ceramic bulk of the same composition, in the BSTZ films that contain (110)-oriented grains. Less volume of amorphous BSTZ region is supposed to be playing an important role for the bulklike properties of these BSTZ films. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi :10.1063/1.3583578]“
“Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare, systemic, necrotizing, small- and middle-sized vessel vasculitis which is accompanied by blood eosinophilia, eosinophil infiltration of various tissues, and bronchial asthma. The lungs are the organs most often involved in CSS.

8% to 12%) in comparison to less than double the baseline in the control centres (from 4.3% to 7%, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Simple guidelines and training on child TB case detection, together with basic logistics support, can be integrated into the existing National TB Control Programme and improve service delivery to children in TB-endemic

areas.”
“Browning of tea infusion is ail obstructive factor AR-13324 cell line influencing shelf life of ready-to-drink green tea. Effects of temperature and illumination on the browning of green tea infusion were investigated. It was shown that both elevated temperature and illumination led to the browning of green tea infusion, but temperature had greater effect on infusion color and level of catechins than illumination. The levels of unoxidized catechins such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), (-) epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), (-)-epicatechin (EC), and total catechins remaining in the tea infusion were significantly correlated to color parameters of the tea infusion. Sodium ascorbate inhibited the infusion browning by suppressing the oxidation of tea catechins

and it is considered to be a more suitable preservative for prolonging shelf life of ready-to-drink green tea than ascorbic acid because it has less effect on tea taste. The effects of temperature and illumination on the epimerization of catechins were also discussed.”
“The relationship CBL0137 molecular weight of ovostatin 2 (OVOS2) expression with the clinicopathological features of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) was investigated to identify OVOS2 expression in cutaneous melanocytic Selleck ITF2357 lesions, and to reveal whether OVOS2 has a function in melanoma progression. Eight

specimens of CMM and paracancerous tissue were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot for the mRNA and protein expression of OVOS2, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 52 CMM and 62 nevi, followed by clinicopathological significance analysis. The proliferative cells were visualized by staining with Ki-67 antibody. The intensity of angiogenesis was assessed by staining with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Real-time PCR and western blot analyses showed that OVOS2 was significantly upregulated in cutaneous melanoma than in paired normal skins. Immunohistochemistry showed that 86.5% (45/52) of malignant cases showed OVOS2 cytoplasmic expression compared with 29% (18/62) in benign nevi. OVOS2 expression was significantly higher in invasive and metastatic melanoma than in in situ melanoma (P<0.01). Furthermore, OVOS2 expression was positively correlated with the known prognostic variables of melanoma including clinical stage, Clark level and Breslow depth. It was also significantly associated with ulcer status, Ki-67 labeling index and VEGF expression in primary melanoma.

(C) 2012 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare but is one of the most aggressive and lethal human malignancies. Cytologically, ATC has a variable morphologic appearance, including squamoid, giant, spindled and pleomorphic cells. The coexistence of ATC and differentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma has been ERK inhibitor mw described and usually is diagnosed when the disease is locally advanced.

Case

We describe a case of surgically

resectable, encapsulated, well-circumscribed ATC occurring in association with a better differentiated follicular carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration in a patient exposed to external ionizing radiation.

Conclusion

Encapsulated variants of anaplastic carcinoma call be seen in association with lower grade thyroid carcinoma such as follicular carcinoma. Accurate diagnosis is dependent on adequate sampling, (Acta Cytol 2009;53:332336)”
“Background: find more In the present study we investigated the effect of television watching and the

use of activity-promoting video games on energy expenditure in obese and lean children.

Methods: Energy expenditure and physical activity were measured while participants were watching television, playing a video game on a traditional sedentary video game console, and while playing the same video game on an activity-promoting video game console.

Results: Energy expenditure was significantly greater than television watching and playing video games on a sedentary video game console

when children played the video game on the activity-promoting console. When examining movement with accelerometry, children moved significantly more when playing the video game on the Nintendo Wii console.

Conclusion: Activity-promoting video games have shown to increase movement, and be an important tool to raise energy expenditure by 50% when compared to sedentary activities of daily living.”
“Background: Screening for acanthosis nigricans (AcN) in overweight children is repeatedly recommended. The significance of AcN, and its relation to central obesity in children, is unclear.

Objective: To compare clinical and anthropometric www.sellecn.cn/products/LY2603618-IC-83.html parameters associated with adiposity, between overweight and obese children with and without AcN.

Methods: One hundred and forty-nine overweight and obese children were screened for AcN. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, triceps skinfold thickness and segmental body fat amounts were measured.

Results: Twenty-two (14.8%) children had AcN. Children with AcN had greater height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height-ratio, triceps skinfold thickness, and total and truncal body fat percentage, compared to those without AcN. After adjustment for age and BMI, no adiposity measure was increased in children with AcN.

The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated. The CSA at 3 mm from the tip of new instruments of each brand was calculated. The correlation between the CSA and NCF was evaluated. All fractured surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope to determine

the fracture mode.

Results. The TF instruments SCH772984 in vitro were the most resistant to fatigue failure. The resistance to cyclic failure increased with decreasing CSA. All fractured surfaces showed the coexistence of ductile and brittle properties.

Conclusion. The CSA had a significant effect on the fatigue resistance of NiTi rotary instruments. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 622-628)”
“Background: This pilot study investigated the effects of calligraphy therapy on cognitive function in older Hong Kong Chinese people with mild cognitive impairment.

Methods: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial was carried out in a sample of 31 adults aged 65 years or older with mild cognitive impairment. They were randomly assigned to receive either intensive calligraphy training led by a trained research assistant for eight weeks (calligraphy group, n = 14) or no calligraphy

treatment (control group, n = 17). Participants’ cognitive function was assessed by the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE) before and after calligraphy ARS-1620 supplier treatment. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired samples t-tests were used to analyze the data.

Results: A significant

interaction effect of time and intervention was detected [F (1, 29) = 9.11, P = 0.005, eta(2) = 0.24]. The calligraphy group was found to have a prominent increase in CMMSE global score, and scores in EPZ5676 concentration the cognitive areas of orientation, attention, and calculation after two months (Delta M = 2.36, P < 0.01), whereas their counterparts in the control group experienced a decline in CMMSE score (Delta M = -0.41, P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Calligraphy therapy was effective for enhancing cognitive function in older people with mild cognitive impairment and should be incorporated as part of routine programs in both community and residential care settings.”
“Congenital brain tumors are rare, accounting for 0.5% to 4% of all pediatric brain tumors. A 10-year retrospective study based on autopsy and neurosurgical clinical reports with a diagnosis of congenital/fetal/neonatal brain tumor identified 6 cases. Four cases were diagnosed antenatally by neuroradiology. Clinical outcomes in 5 cases resulted in death; 1 patient with choroid plexus papilloma underwent successful resection of the tumor and is still alive. Tumor pathologies consisted of 2 teratomas, 2 choroid plexus papillomas, 1 gemistocytic astrocytoma, and 1 glioblastoma multiforme. A literature review of all fetal cases specific to the pathologies presented in this series was also performed.