Immunoprecipitated methylated DNA was labeled with Cy5 fluorophere and the input genomic DNA was labeled with Cy3 fluorophere. Labeled DNA from the enriched and the input pools was combined (1–2 μg) and hybridized to a NimbleGen HG18 CpG promoter Array (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), which contained MK 1775 all well-characterized RefSeq promoter regions [from −800 bp to +200 bp transcription start sites

(TSSs)]. Array was then washed and scanned with Axon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner. After normalization, raw data was input into SignalMap software (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) to observe and evaluate the methylation peaks. A customized peak-finding algorithm provided by NimbleGen was applied to analyze methylation data from MeDIP-microarray as previously described. SN-38 manufacturer The algorithm was used to perform the modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on several adjacent probes using sliding windows to predict enriched regions across the array. MeDIP-quantitative PCR assay A MeDIP assay, combined with qPCR, was used to evaluate quantitatively the methylation TPX-0005 supplier status of candidate genes in the tumors derived from the control and 125I treatment groups. MeDIP was performed as described above. Purified DNA from the

immunoprecipitated DNA complexes and from input DNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR on an Applied Pregnenolone Biosystems 7900 Real- Time PCR System. The experiment was performed in triplicate. The relative changes in the extent of gene methylation were determined by measuring the amount of detected genes in immunoprecipitated DNA after normalization to the

input DNA. The primer sequences are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. Statistical analysis The results of the animal experiments and real-time PCR were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) All data were plotted as mean ± standard deviation. Student’s t-test was used to compare values between two independent groups. Differences were considered to be significance when p < 0.05. Results Inhibitory effect of I125 seed irradiation on the growth of gastric cancer The effectiveness of 125I seed irradiation to inhibit the growth of implanted NCI-N87 tumors was examined in nude mouse model. There were no significant changes in the tumor volumes for the first 10 days of the 125I seed treatment. However, after 13 days, the 125I-irradiated tumors were much smaller, and significant differences in tumor volumes were observed over time between the control and 125I treatment groups Figure 1A). At day 28, the mice were sacrificed and tumor weights were measured. Statistical difference in the tumor weight was observed between the control and treatment groups Figure 1B).

The 30 days mortality rate was also significantly decreased and was kept at a low level compared with international standard [4, 6]. Our mortality rate was 1.67% in 2009. The rate in

2007 and 2008 are 1.7%. The 28 days re-admission rate after discharge from hospital remains static at 15%. Among these patients, about 64% are medical problems related. In 2006, the infection rates of the internal fixation and hemiarthroplasty MG-132 in vitro were 0.81% and 2.61%, respectively. This infection rate was reduced and kept low since 2007. The infection rate of internal fixation was kept at 0% in 2008 and 2009. The infection rate of hemiarthroplasty was also reduced to 0.98% in 2009 (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Surgical site infection rate Regarding the social aspect of these hip fracture patients, the difficulties lie in the multiple factors that cause delay in discharge and rehabilitation. Medical social workers are very helpful in this aspect. Since the start of the clinical VX-770 pathway, over 99% of the hip fracture patients were assessed and helped by medical social workers. Together with the effort from nurses and therapist, we are able to discharge 81% of the patients back to their premorbid living environment Palbociclib nmr (Fig. 5). Besides, a lot of post

discharge help care providers are involved in the initial re-integration of the patients back to the society, for example, day care centres, geriatric day hospitals, maid care, non-government organisations or combination of the above. Fig. 5 Placement after discharge from hospital Discussion Our hospital is one of the first to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to manage the geriatric hip fracture patients from acute hospital to convalescence hospital in Hong Kong and probably in Asia as well. The patients are taken care of by different professions using a systematic approach from the minute when they are admitted through the accident and emergency department till they walk out the door of the rehabilitation hospital. In 2009, there were more than 4,400

hip fractures operated in Hong Kong. In average, 68% of the very patients were operated within 2 days after admission. In our hospital, we have 86% of our patients operated within 2 days after admission. This is, to our understanding, one of the best performances in our locality. Moreover, the hip fractures are only operated in day time. Furthermore, this pre-operative shortened length of stay also indirectly relates to a similar shortening of total length of stay in acute hospital. Although there is still a lot of debate on the timing of surgery relating to mortality, hip fracture outcome or complications, we are confident that shortening the pre-operative stay by better communication between surgeons, anaesthetists and physicians, more efficient use of resources and better monitoring of the system will, by simple logic, improve the outcomes and decrease the suffering of our patients. According to our data, there is a general trend of increasing age in our hip fracture patients.

Carocin S2 degraded 5′-labeled total RNA but not 5′-labeled CaroS2K-free RNA (Figure 8B), and the amount of degradation was not dose-dependent (arrowhead). However, the appearance of segments of unknown origin paralleled partial degradation of 23S and 16S rRNA (Figure 8C). These results suggest that the site of excision (either conformational or sequential) is close to the 5′-terminus of rRNA. Notably, the decrease in the amount of rRNA depended on the amount of Carocin S2 protein present, with complete degradation occurring in the presence of excess Carocin S2. Ogawa et al. reported that RNase type of bacteriocins, colicin E3 and colicin E5, catalyze

the hydrolysis of the shorter RNAs from 16S rRNA [19, 32]. Moreover, colicin E5 was found Cediranib purchase to hydrolyze tRNA in vitro. Furthermore, it was previously reported that colicin E3 cleaved 16S rRNA completely, and even 30S rRNA [11, 33]. In our study, carocin S2 acted as an RNase that hydrolyzes rRNA (both 23S and 16S) in vitro. In terms of enzymatic function, Carocin S2 may act as an endo- and exo-ribonuclease simultaneously. Moreover, CaroS2I

significantly inhibited nuclease activity in vitro but not in vivo (Figures 7, Figure 8 andAdditional file 1, Figure S3). We speculated that immunity protein CaroS2I might not be able to cross the cell membrane, as previously described [14]. Although our in vitro experiment showed that carocin S2 was a ribonuclease, further investigation is needed to clarify its Ganetespib function Carbohydrate in cells. One of the other Tn5 insertional mutants, TF1-1, which disrupted the coding sequence of the fliC gene, was found to Baf-A1 mouse halt expression of Carocin S2 (Figure 1), indicating that Carocin S2 can also be secreted via the type III secretion system [24]. The role of carocin S2 as an RNase in the cytoplasm is to prevent protein synthesis by cleaving either 23S rRNA or 16S rRNA. The role of the immunity protein, CaroS2I, is usually to stop the damage caused by CaroS2K

in the cytoplasm. More details of the actual mechanism of carocin S2 remain to be elucidated. Conclusion As shown herein, the novel bacteriocin, Carocin S2, was characterized as a ribonuclease. It is the first bacteriocin with ribonuclease activity to be found in Pectobacterium strains. We suggested that Carocin S2 kills the indicator cell by exhausting its supply of some kinds of RNA, leading to inactivation of protein biosynthesis. It will be of interest to study the proteomics of Carocin S2 and its mechanism of action in the future. Methods Bacterial strains, media, and growth conditions Bacterial strains and plasmids used in the study are listed in Table 1. Isolates of Pcc were grown at 28°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium or IFO-802 medium. The IFO-802 medium was supplemented with 1% polypeptin, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.1% MgSO4 (pH 7.0), and 1.5% agar. Isolates of Pcc were distinguished from Escherichia coli by their ability to grow on Modified Drigalski’s agar medium [34].

Exactly at the end of 120 min of heating, the flow of reactant and carrier gases were stopped and the furnace was set to cool down to room temperature before removing the sample. Once the furnace got cooled to near room temperature, the sample was removed from it. Grayish white

deposits were observed on the silicon substrate. The same procedure was repeated for all samples of different dopant concentrations. Doping VS-4718 manufacturer mechanism of ZnO:Al Due to their confined electronic states to a very small volume in nanocrystals, doping leads to phenomena not found in the bulk counterparts. Although the underlying mechanism responsible for these observations are still under investigation, we believe that the following reactions spontaneously occur during the deposition of ZnO:Al NSs. (2.1) (2.2) It is expected that doubly charged donors including oxygen CA4P in vivo vacancies (V o) and zinc interstitials (Zn i ) would be formed by the extrinsic doping SBE-��-CD cost of Al. This is possible if the incorporated Al atoms take oxygen from ZnO and form either or inside the ZnO matrix. As the standard Gibbs-free energy change of these reactions is largely negative (-618 kJ mole-1) [3], it is believed that the formation of m */m o is responsible for the extrinsic doping of ZnO:Al, which

is contrary to the conventional doping mechanism based on the substitution of foreign elements. Doping takes place by incorporating Al atoms in which charged donors would be formed at or near the Al2O3/ZnO interface in compensation for free electrons. The electrons around these donors could be localized within the Bohr radius (aH) of ZnO as stated below: (2.3) where a o = Bohr radius of H atom (0.53 Å), ϵ r = relative permittivity of ZnO (81), m * = effective mass of an electron in ZnO (0.318), m o = mass of an electron, and a H = Bohr radius of ZnO. Theory in reference [3] suggests that of ZnO in Equation (2.3) is approximately very 14 Å. Since donated electrons orbit around charged donor with the radius, the repulsion force between electrons belonging to adjacent donors could suppress the donation of additional electrons. The Coulomb repulsion force between

adjacent charged donors may also cause decrease of carrier concentration in the same manner. Thus, these repulsion forces could cause the effective field for doping around each donor. These effective fields probably limit the doping efficiency of Al atoms within a single Al2O3 layer. Alloying evaporation method According to the self-catalytic growth mechanism proposed by Dang et al. [4], the process completes in four major steps. Figure 2 best explains the particular growth mechanism. It can be understood as follows: (A) As soon as the temperature of the furnace reaches the melting point of the Zn powder, it starts to melt and form a large quantity of melting liquid drops of size approximately identical to those of the original solid metal particles.

There was a trend (p = .07) for greater this website vertical jump power with betaine versus placebo, however there were no increases in bench press 1 RM. The improvements in lean mass, fat mass and body fat percentage with betaine supplementation contrast previous investigations [5, 6]. Differences in methodology may explain these discrepancies: subjects in the previous studies were both sedentary and instructed not to exercise, whereas the subjects in the present study were currently training and given a structured exercise program. Betaine has been suggested to act as a nutrient partitioner and thereby accelerate lean mass gains in pigs. By increasing Hcy transmethylation, betaine

spares Met, allows for more efficient use of dietary protein, and increases nitrogen retention [7]. Due to the inclusion of resistance training in this study but not previous studies [5, 6], the demand for Met in the initiation of translation in protein synthesis was likely elevated, thereby leading to a greater utilization of elevated Met, and thus improvements in lean mass. Therefore, the results from the present study lend support to the hypothesis that the action of betaine to improve body composition

AMN-107 in vitro in humans may be most effective when accompanied by exercise. The Gemcitabine solubility dmso increase in arm CSA in the betaine group compared to placebo was accompanied by an improvement in bench press work capacity. The greatest

improvements in volume over placebo occurred during the first and third training micro-cycles, where subjects were instructed to perform 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions with 90 sec rest periods and 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions with 120 sec rest periods, respectively. Given the relationship between training volume and hypertrophy [29], betaine may have positively impacted muscle growth by promoting BCKDHB a greater training load over a series of subsequent workouts. The improvements in bench press work capacity differ from previous studies where betaine did not improve single-set repetitions to fatigue at 75% [3] or 3 sets of repetitions to fatigue at 85% 1 RM [2]. In contrast, betaine improved work capacity for 10 sets of repetitions to fatigue at 50% 1 RM [4]. Given improved work capacity with higher volume resistance training prescriptions, and the lack of improvement during micro-cycle 2 which imposed less of a metabolic demand (4 sets of 4–6 repetitions with 3 min rest), it is likely that betaine poses the most ergogenic potential in resistance training exercise protocols that impose higher metabolic demands. Betaine is actively taken up by skeletal muscle during periods of stress, and may be ergogenic as an osmolyte by protecting sensitive metabolic pathways against cellular hypertonicity such as protein turnover, amino acid and ammonia metabolism, pH regulation, and gene expression [30].

This technique generated more bands per strain and resulted in more reproducible and robust discriminatory

clustering of the strains [6]. Highly reproducible multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to analyze Cmm population from Serbia. Cmm strains were divided into seven groups and the results were confirmed by PFGE analysis [7]. MLVA (Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis) is a PCR-based typing technique that has been widely applied in medical microbiology [14]. It takes advantage of the inherent variability encountered in regions with a number of tandem repeats. The origin of the repetitive regions can be accounted to slipped strand mispairing events occurring during DNA duplication, in which repetitive regions are #CP673451 cell line randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# incorrectly copied resulting in deletion or insertion of one or several selleck chemicals llc copies of the repeat [15]. PCR primers designed to board different VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) regions in the genome can be easily combined in a multiplex PCR in an MLVA scheme. The differences between strains are assessed by the different lengths of the repeats

visualized by gel electrophoresis or automated fragment analysis on a sequencer. From these sizes, the number of repeat units at each locus can be deduced. The resulting information forms a strain-specific numerical code which can be easily compared to a reference database. The MLVA technique

was introduced to bacterial typing as a promising alternative or a complement to already existing typing methods such as AFLP, MLST, rep-PCR or PFGE. The discriminatory power of MLVA is generally higher than other standard typing techniques [16]. However, the final result is group dependent and can vary considerably between different bacterial species. VNTRs have been used to discriminate among individual strains within many food-borne pathogens with little genetic LY294002 differences, including Escherichia coli O157:H7 [17] and Vibrio cholerae[18] and to study other important human pathogens, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae[19], Streptococcus pneumoniae[20], and Mycobacterium tuberculosis[21]. MLVA has been extensively used for tracking transmissions of important human and animal pathogens [22, 23] and for typing monomorphic bacterial pathogens including Bacillus anthracis[24] and Yersinia pestis[25]. To date, several MLVA schemes have been published on plant pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv. citri[31], X. oryzae pv. oryzicola[26], Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and tomato[27], Xylella fastidiosa[28] and on fungi e.g. Aspergillus flavus[29], but not for Clavibacter subspecies. In plant pathogens, such as Xanthomonas arbolicola pv. pruni, MLVA was proposed as a complementary molecular typing method to AFLP, BOX and ERIC-PCR [30].

Thus, disruption of the genes located upstream of oprB1 seems to have a polar effect on the OprB1 expression. Actually, this is in good agreement Proteases inhibitor with recent results reporting that sugar transport genes comprise one transcriptional unit with oprB1 [46]. OM fractions of colRcbrA and colRcbrB mutants were generally similar to the

wild-type and the colR mutant, but still had slightly less OprB1 protein than the parental strain. Thus, OM analysis shows that although the pattern of OM proteins of the colR mutant resembles that of the wild-type, its defects can be suppressed by decreasing the amount of OprB1 or OprF in OM. Figure 3 SDS-PAGE of outer membrane protein preparations www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html stained with Coomassie Blue. OM proteins were extracted from 24-hour-old populations of bacteria grown on solid minimal medium with 0.2% glucose. Representative results of the P. putida PaW85 (wt), colR-deficient (colR), and of different transposon insertion derivatives of the colR-deficient strains are shown. Arrows indicate locations of the channel proteins OprB1 and OprF (calculated molecular weights 49.6 kD and 37 kD, respectively). All lanes contain 0.5 μg of OM proteins. Overexpression of OprB1 induces cell lysis, especially in the colR-deficient background The analysis of the OM protein pattern of transposon mutants suggested that the colR-deficient

P. putida cannot tolerate the natural

load of membrane proteins, at least that of OprB1 and OprF when growing on selleck inhibitor glucose solid medium. Here, it is important to note that the colR mutant is prone to lysis specifically on glucose but not on gluconate [25] despite both these substrates are degraded through Entner-Doudoroff pathway. While most of the genes for glucose and gluconate metabolism are induced by both these carbon sources, one of them, oprB1, is specifically expressed only during glucose growth [46, 47]. Our results also show that OprB1, a major OM protein in glucose-grown cells, is not detectable in gluconate-grown P. putida (Figure 4A). Therefore, we hypothesized that the glucose-induced expression of OprB1 could be the major determinant of glucose-specific cell lysis of the colR-deficient bacteria. If so, then Epigenetics inhibitor artificial overexpression of OprB1 should result in the cell lysis of the colR mutant on both the glucose and the gluconate medium. To test this assumption, we introduced an extra copy of the oprB1 gene under control of IPTG-inducible tac promoter to the oprB1-deficient strains PaWoprB1 and PaWcolR-oprB1. The oprB1-deficient background was used to avoid an unequal amount of OprB1 in glucose and gluconate growing cells due to glucose-specific induction of the native oprB1 locus. The OM analysis of PaWoprB1-tacB1 and PaWcolR-oprB1-tacB1 strains revealed that induction of tac promoter with 0.

In studies where no genotyping method was used, it was assumed that each isolate represented a strain. Results and discussion Comparative performance

of the five molecular methods The percentage of correctly identified strains obtained using the five identification methods, and the number of misidentified non-targeted species greatly depended upon the method used (Selleck AG-120 Tables 1 and 2). The percentage of misidentified strains ranged from 16.8% to 67.4% (Table 2). The m-PCR method of Kabeya et al. [15] had the worst performance, and produced unreliable results for all three of its targeted species (Tables 1 KPT-8602 research buy and 2). Although all strains of A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii were correctly identified, a further eight and six non-targeted species, respectively, were mistakenly identified as one of these two species (Table 1). Furthermore, only 4.8% of the A. butzleri strains were correctly identified, with six non-targeted species being confused with this species (Tables 1 and 2). Globally, the Kabeya et GDC-0068 concentration al. m-PCR method correctly identified just 32.6% (31/95) of the studied strains. Although this method

was also designed to differentiate subgroups 1A and 1B of A. cryaerophilus, not all strains of these subgroups were correctly identified (Table 2). This correlates with the in silico observations of Douidah et al. [9] who reported that the primer used [15] were not specific enough to provide correct identification of A. cryaerophilus at the subgroup level. Further to this, Debruyne et al.[21] have suggested, that based on results of AFLP and hsp60 analyses, the subgroup nomenclatures 1A and 1B should be abandoned. The second least reliable method analysed was the m-PCR technique described by Houf et al.[14]. This correctly

identified 55.8% (53/95) of the strains (Table 2), including all those belonging Rucaparib to its targeted species (A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii; Table 1). This method was 100% reliable for the identification of A. butzleri, and there was no confusion with other species. However, nine of the fourteen non-targeted species generated the typical amplicon of A. cryaerophilus; two that of A. skirrowii; and two simultaneously generated both amplicons (Tables 1 and 2). Only A. cibarius produced no amplification when using this method (Table 2). These results agree with previous studies that showed the existence of misidentifications when using this method [1, 5–7]. A similar number of correctly identified strains (83.2%) were obtained when using the other three evaluated methods (Pentimalli et al.[16]; the combined method of Douidah et al. [9] and De Smet et al.[17]; and Figueras et al.[18]). However, the number of misidentified non-targeted species differed depending upon the method used (Tables 1 and 2). Most misidentification occurred when using the method of Pentimalli et al.[16]. In this case, four non-targeted species were confused with A. butzleri, one with A.

F., Mexico On May 15th, 1953, a short paper by a graduate student named Stanley Miller appeared in the journal Science. It described the spark discharge formation of glycine, alanine and several other amino acids (Miller, 1953) from inorganic constituents thought to Lazertinib in vivo comprise VX809 the hypothesized reducing atmosphere of early Earth. Miller’s work quite literally “sparked” the legitimization of the field of prebiotic chemistry; the basic molecules of life could, with relative ease, be

synthesized from inorganic compounds thought to be abundant in the Earth’s atmosphere 4.5 billion years ago. Darwin’s “warm little pond” was no longer a hypothetical concept as much as a feasible scenario. Recently discovered samples from the original spark discharge experiments have been re-analyzed using HPLC-FD and LC-FD/ToF-MS

in order to identify lesser constituents that would have been undetectable by analytical techniques selleck chemical 50 years ago. Using his original laboratory notebooks (Mandeville Special Collections, UCSD), we have reconstructed and identified the original fractions from his three thesis experiments The overall goal of this research was to identify lesser constituents of the original extracts that would have been undetectable by the ninhydrin-spray technique of the 1950s. Results show the presence of several isomeric forms of aminobutyric acid, as well as serine, homoserine, isoserine, isovaline, valine, phenylalanine, ornithine, amino adipic acid, ethanolamine and other methylated and hydroxylated amino acids. These analyses identified the previously unknown compounds E, F and B1 (Miller, 1954; Miller, 1955) as a yet undetermined C4 amino acid, ethanolamine and β-amnoisobutyric acid, respectively. Both the diversity and yield increased in experiments utilizing a water-aspirating device designed to increase water vapor-gas flow rates delivered to the spark. Application of this experiment Adenosine triphosphate to early Earth would best mimic the intense lightning discharges that accompany volcanic eruptions. In this scenario, reduced and neutral gas species would be subjected

to lightning, and thus exposed to localized discharge events prior to being rained out into tidal areas where products could undergo concentration events. The distribution of compounds formed in these experiments is significantly greater than previously published (Miller, 1954; Miller, 1955) and mimic the assortment of compounds detected in both Murchison (Botta and Bada, 2002) and CM meteorites (Glavin, et al. 2006). The addition of these several new amino acid and amine species to the previously reported spark discharge products will serve as a fitting final tribute to the founding father of prebiotic chemistry. Botta, O. and Bada, J. L., (2002). Extraterrestrial organic compounds in meteorites. Surveys in Geophysics. 23: 411–467. Glavin, D. P., Dworkin, J. P., Aubrey, A., Botta, O., Doty III, J. H., Martins, Z., and Bada, J. L. (2006).

Figure 9 XRD spectra of polished Cu foil (400 grit) and Cu film specimens before heating. In addition, surface roughness is believed to have an effect on the growth of FGLNAs. Surface topography of unpolished Cu foil, polished Cu foil, and Cu film

specimens was measured by AFM, and the surface roughness was evaluated using the height of ditches, as shown in Figure 10. To compare with the stress condition, measured initial www.selleckchem.com/products/jph203.html residual stress on the specimen surface before heating is also shown in Figure 10. It can be found that the 400-grit polishing specimen has a similar roughness as the Cu film specimen (around 1.4 μm). It was suspected that the surface roughness may increase the surface area, thereby promoting the surface oxidation

of the specimen (i.e., enhancing VGS), and there is an optimum value for the ABT-888 mouse growth of FGLNAs. It also can be found that the measured compressive stresses for the specimens of 800 and 1,000 grits polished are greatly larger than that of the 400-grit polished specimen. The reason why high-density Salubrinal clinical trial FGLNAs were not observed on these high initial stress specimens is that the relatively low surface roughness may lack enough surface area to further enhance the growth of FGLNAs on the specimens. Therefore, there is a balance between the initial compressive stress and surface roughness for the growth of FGLNAs. Figure 10 AFM topography image, surface ditch height, and residual stress. (a) AFM three-dimensional topography image of the unpolished Cu foil specimen. (b) Surface ditch height and residual stress of unpolished Cu foil, polished Cu foil, and Cu film specimens. Conclusions Cu2O FGLNAs which are 3.5 to 12 μm in size with 50- to 950-nm wide petals were successfully fabricated using the thermal oxidation approach with catalyst under moderate humid atmosphere. The effect of surface conditions, such as surface stress, grain size, and roughness, on the growth of

FGLNAs was analyzed. Larger initial compressive stress, optimum grain size, and surface roughness were beneficial for the formation of FGLNAs. Compared with C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) other methods for fabricating Cu2O FGLNAs, the thermal oxidation method featured remarkable simplicity and cheapness. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 23246024. References 1. Xiong YJ, Li ZQ, Zhang R, Xie Y, Yang J, Wu CZ: From complex chains to 1D metal oxides: a novel strategy to Cu 2 O nanowires. J Phys Chem B 2003, 107:3697–3702.CrossRef 2. Caballero-Briones F, Palacios-Padros A, Calzadilla O, Moreira I d PR, Sanz Fausto : Disruption of the chemical environment and electronic structure in p-type Cu 2 O films by alkaline doping. J Phys Chem C 2012, 116:13524–13535.CrossRef 3. Akkari FC, Kanzari M: Optical, structural, and electrical properties of Cu 2 O thin films. Phys Status Solidi A 2010, 207:1647.CrossRef 4.