avium subsp. avium M. avium complex** 2   D M. kansasii type 1 M. kansasii M. kansasii 6   D M. kansasii type 2 M. kansasii M. kansasii 1   D M. kansasii type 6 M. kansasii M. kansasii 1   D M. triviale type 1 M. triviale M. triviale 1   F M. malmoense type 1 M. malmoense M. malmoense 2   F M. szulgai type 1 M. szulgai M. szulgai 1   F M. interjectum type 1 M. interjectum M. interjectum 1   G M. Erismodegib research buy intracellulare type 1 M. intracellulare M. avium complex** 14   G M. gordonae type 1 M. gordonae M. gordonae 6   G M. gordonae type 2 M. gordonae M. gordonae 1   G M. gordonae type 5 M. gordonae M. gordonae 1   Total       361   * M. peregrinum was identified as M. fortuitum by a conventional biochemical method. **M. avium subsp.

avium and M. intracellulare were identified as M. avium complex by a conventional biochemical method. Discordant results from

rpoB DPRA and Selleckchem CP690550 hsp65 PRA There were 15 isolates (8.6%) of NTM with discordant results with rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA (Table 2). The two isolates, Mycobacterial species (A group) and M. flavescens (A group) identified by 16 S rDNA sequencing represented new patterns not available in the hsp65 PRA databases and might be new sub-types in hsp65 PRA. For Mycobacterial species, 16 S rDNA sequencing did not confirm the identity of the isolate but conventional biochemical identification showed it was M. mucogenicum. Table 2 Fifteen isolates of NTM species with discordant results from rpo B RFLP, hsp65 RFLP patterns, Reverse transcriptase 16 S rDNA sequence and conventional biochemical identification No rpoB RFLP pattern hsp65 RFLP pattern 16 S rDNA sequence Conventional Selleck AZD1390 biochemical identification 1 A BstEII : 242.8*, 214.0, 0 M. flavescens M. flavescens     HaeIII: 130.9, 140, 90.4, 49.7, 41.5, 37.1     2 A BstEII :456.3, 0, 0 Mycobacterial species M. mucogenicum     HaeIII:192.6, 90.4, 82.0     3 D M. scrofulaceum type 1 M. scrofulaceum M. scrofulaceum 4 G M. simiae type 5 M. simiae M. simiae 5 G M. simiae type 5 M. simiae M. simiae 6 F M. intracellulare type 3 M. intracellulare

M. avium complex** 7 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 8 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 9 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 10 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 11 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 12 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 13 F M. gordonae type 3 M. gordonae M. gordonae 14 F M. gordonae type 4 M. gordonae M. gordonae 15 F M. gordonae type 4 M. gordonae M. gordonae *fragment size by CE. ** M. avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare were identified as M. avium complex by a conventional biochemical method. Development of a species identification algorithm The results in Tables 1 and 2 and the mycobacterial identification flow chart (Figure 1) were used to develop a species identification algorithm by combining rpoB duplex PCR [10] and hsp65 PRA [3] using the most common 74 patterns of 40 species in Table 3. In this algorithm (Table 3), we added M.

Several studies have demonstrated

seasonal movements by ungulates between protected areas and adjoining pastoral ranches in Amboseli (Western 1975; Mworia et al. 2008), Mara (Stelfox et al. 1986) and Athi-Kaputiei Plains (Reid et al. 2008), thus supporting the prediction that the processes associated with land use change will continue to erode grazing GSK2399872A cell line areas so that livestock will compete increasingly with wildlife for resources, resulting in wildlife and livestock population declines (Homewood et al. 2009). By moving seasonally between protected and pastoral areas, ungulates maximize their resource requirements while minimizing predation risk (Hopcraft et al. 2010). However, these seasonal dispersal movements might be constrained by body size (Hopcraft et al. 2011) through its influence on food quantity and quality requirements as well as vulnerability to predation. More specifically,

large herbivores can tolerate more fibrous and lower-quality diets than can small herbivores because of their larger gastrointestinal tracts and lower specific metabolic requirements (Demment and Van Soest 1985; Owen-Smith 1988). Furthermore, a smaller fraction of large herbivores die from predation than do small herbivores because large herbivores are more difficult for predators Pexidartinib cell line to capture (Sinclair et al. 2003). Thus, body size can be expected to control responses of herbivore abundance to seasonal disparities in forage quantity and quality and predation risk between protected and pastoral landscapes. The MMNR in Kenya supports a high abundance and diversity of resident wildlife and offers a dry season habitat for migratory ungulates from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania to the south and the neighbouring Loita Plains to the northeast (Stelfox et al. 1986; Ottichilo

et al. 2001; Thirgood et al. 2004). Extensive grasslands in the pastoral areas adjacent to the MMNR also provide wet season dispersal ranges for resident wildlife (Stelfox et al. 1986). Yet, despite the significance of pastoral areas to wildlife, few studies Fludarabine mouse have evaluated the relative impact of pastoralism versus www.selleckchem.com/products/Thiazovivin.html protection on wildlife population density and demography in African savannas (Caro 1999a; Rannestad et al. 2006; Wallgren et al. 2009). Even fewer studies have investigated the impacts of pastoralism and protection on long-term comparative changes in density (Caro 1999b; Reid et al. 2008). Here, we analyze the influence of protection in the MMNR and pastoralism in the adjoining Koyiaki pastoral ranch (see below) on comparative changes in the density of 13 wild herbivores.