Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key morphogenetic

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key morphogenetic process that is implicated in the acquisition of stemcell-like properties in different adult tissues, and it is activated in the epicardium after ischemic injury to the heart. We investigated whether EMT is involved in the formation and differentiation of human CSps, revealing that an up-regulation of the expression of EMT-related genes accompanies CSps formation that is relative to primary explant-derived AEB071 cells and CSp-derived cells grown in a monolayer. EMT and CSps formation is enhanced in the presence of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) and

drastically blocked by the type I TGF beta-receptor inhibitor SB431452, indicating that TGF beta-dependent EMT is essential for the formation of these niche-like 3D-multicellular clusters. Since TGF beta is activated in the myocardium in response to injury, our data suggest that CSps formation mimics an adaptive mechanism that could potentially be enhanced to increase in vivo or ex vivo regenerative potential

of adult CPCs.”
“Repolarization check details Alternans and Atrial Remodeling\n\nIntroduction\n\nParoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) may be triggered by intermittent atrial tachycardia, and ultimately lead to persistent AF. However, the mechanisms by which intermittent atrial tachycardia promotes sustained AF are not well understood.\n\nMethods and Results\n\nEight sheep were chronically implanted with 2 pacemakers for the recording of broadband right atrial unipolar electrograms, and for the delivery of electrophysiological stimulation protocols and intermittent right atrial tachycardia. Right atrial kinetics of activation recovery interval (ARI) as a surrogate for action potential duration, of conduction time and velocity, and of repolarization alternans were analyzed at incremental pacing rates during the remodeling process induced by weeks of intermittent atrial tachycardia until the development of sustained AF.\n\nIntermittent atrial tachycardia decreased ARI and blunted its rate adaptation, facilitated atrial capture, and slowed

conduction at high rates, and increased susceptibility YM155 supplier to pacing-induced AF. In spite of blunted ARI rate adaptation, right atrial repolarization alternans was maintained during remodeling, and further increased in magnitude just before rapid pacing-induced AF.\n\nConclusion\n\nThis study suggests that weeks of intermittent right atrial tachycardia result in a gradual electrical remodeling favorable for wavebreaks and reentry that may facilitate fibrillation.”
“This study investigated the linkage between performance of two full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems treating thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) wastewater and the population dynamics of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/dimethylsulfide (DMS) degrading bacteria.

In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT

In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GST, GR, and DHAR) and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and ASA) were elevated in the QF(1) hybrid as compared to the RF1 hybrid, during the whole course of anther development. The present study suggests that the introgression of the GST gene into restorer lines could be a potential way to enhance restoration capability by maintaining the equilibrium between oxidative stress and scavenging enzymes, and might favor healthier development of microspores.”
“Infant emotional expressions, such as distress cries, evoke maternal physiological reactions. see more Most of which involve accelerated sympathetic

nervous activity. Comparatively little is known about effects of positive infant expressions, such as happy smiles, on maternal physiological responses. This study investigated how physiological and psychological maternal states change in response to infants’ emotional expressions. Thirty first-time mothers viewed films of their PF-6463922 own 6-to 7-month-old infants’ affective behavior. Each observed a video of a distress cry followed by a video showing one of two expressions (randomly assigned): a happy smiling face (smile condition) or a calm neutral face (neutral condition). Both before and after

the session, participants completed a self-report inventory assessing their emotional states. The results of the self-report inventory revealed no effects of exposure to the infant videos. However, the mothers in the smile condition, but not in the neutral condition, showed deceleration of skin conductance. These findings demonstrate that the mothers who observed their infants smiling showed decreased sympathetic activity. We propose that an infant’s positive emotional expression may affect the branch of the maternal stress-response system that modulates the homeostatic balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.”
“Aims: To describe the prevalence of limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) among older Singaporeans, examine the association MEK inhibitor of ADL limitations

with various self-reported health conditions, assess perceived causes of ADL limitations, and compare prevalence of health conditions among those who perceive only ‘old age’ 6 those who perceive at least one specific health condition as the cause of their limitations. Methods: Data from a national survey of Singaporeans 60 years and over was used. The association between ADL limitations and health conditions was assessed through logistic regression. Those with ADL limitations were asked about the perceived cause/s of their limitation/s. Any significant difference in the prevalence of health conditions between those attributing their ADL limitations only to old age and those attributing to at least one specific health condition was ascertained. Results: Overall prevalence of ADL limitations was 9.


“From 1970 to 2000, the year its crystal structure was sol


“From 1970 to 2000, the year its crystal structure was solved, no biological structure was investigated more intensely than the ribosome. Some of the structural experiments done in the precrystallographic era produced information that significantly advanced our understanding of that enzyme. Other approaches yielded little that would be regarded as useful today, even if crystal structures had never been obtained. That experience is reviewed here to provide guidance for those faced with similar selleck chemicals llc challenges in the future.”
“Two ber varieties differing in their shelf lives (Umran, 8 to 9 and Illaichi, 4 to 5 days) were analyzed

for cell wall components, cell wall degrading enzymes and their isoenzyme profile at immature VX-809 green, mature green, turning colour, ripe and overripe stages of ripening. Cellulose and pectin contents decreased during ripening in both varieties. This decrease was accompanied by a corresponding increase in pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase. The increase in the activity of pectin methylesterase was about 20- and 10-fold, that of polygalacturonase about

8.4- and 5.7-fold, and of cellulase 5.5- and 4.4-fold in Umran and Illaichi, respectively. The basal level of activities of all these enzymes was higher at all the stages of ripening in Illaichi variety, having short shelf life, as compared to Umran, with long shelf life. This was further confirmed by the intensity of isoenzyme bands of these enzymes.

The isoenzyme profile also revealed that two isoenzymes of each, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase, and one of cellulase could be considered as isoenzymes responsible for the softening of cell wall during ripening and could be potential targets for manipulation to delay softening during ripening.”
“Stage D heart failure (HF) is associated GSI-IX with poor prognosis, yet little consensus exists on the care of patients with HF approaching the end of life. Treatment options for end-stage HF range from continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy to device interventions and cardiac transplantation. However, patients approaching the end of life may elect to forego therapies or procedures perceived as burdensome, or to deactivate devices that were implanted earlier in the disease course. Although discussing end-of-life issues such as advance directives, palliative care, or hospice can be difficult, such conversations are critical to understanding patient and family expectations and to developing mutually agreed-on goals of care. Because patients with HF are at risk for rapid clinical deterioration or sudden cardiac death, end-of-life issues should be discussed early in the course of management. As patients progress to advanced HF, the need for such discussions increases, especially among patients who have declined, failed, or been deemed to be ineligible for advanced HF therapies.

Retrospective analysis of acute ischemic stroke patients with aph

Retrospective analysis of acute ischemic stroke patients with aphasia admitted within learn more 3 hours from symptom onset and treated with IV-rtPA was carried out. Stroke severity, aphasia and global neurological impairment were assessed

at admission and 24 hours after thrombolysis. Improvement of aphasia (gain of bigger than = 1 point on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] aphasia score) and global neurological improvement (gain of bigger than = 4 points on the NIHSS) were compared in minor strokes (NIHSS smaller than = 7), moderate strokes (NIHSS 8-15), and major strokes (NIH bigger than = 16). Sixty-nine of 243 stroke patients suffered from aphasia. Improvement of aphasia occurred in 7/16 minor strokes, 11/25 moderate strokes, and 7/28 severe strokes. Improvement of bigger than = 4 points on the NIHSS occurred in 3/16 minor strokes, 17/25 moderate strokes and 15/28 severe strokes. There is a significant (X-2 = 4.073, p smaller than 0.05) dissociation of recovery of aphasia and that of other neurological deficits between Selleck GSK923295 minor versus severe strokes. This confirms the clinically suspected dissociation between a good early recovery from aphasia in minor strokes relative to recovery of other neurological deficits, as opposed

to a better recovery from other neurological deficits than from aphasia in patients with severe strokes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Hypoxia-induced arginase elevation plays an essential role in several vascular diseases but influence

of arginase on hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis is completely unknown. In this study, in vitro network formation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) was examined after exposure to hypoxia for 24 h with or without arginase inhibition. Arginase activity, protein levels of the two arginase isoforms, eNOS, and VEGF as well as production of NO and ROS were examined to determine the involvement of arginase in hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis. Hypoxia elevated arginase activity and arginase 2 expression but reduced active p-eNOS(Ser1177) and NO levels in BAEC. In addition, both VEGF protein levels and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/p5091-p005091.html endothelial elongation and network formation were reduced with continued hypoxia, whereas ROS levels increased and NO levels decreased. Arginase inhibition limited ROS, restored NO formation and VEGF expression, and prevented the reduction of angiogenesis. These results suggest a fundamental role of arginase activity in regulating angiogenic function. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“There is growing evidence that early growth influences bone mass in later life but most studies are limited to birth weight and/or early infant growth and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. In a British birth cohort study with prospective measures of lifetime height and weight, we investigated the growth trajectory in relation to bone in males (M) and females (F) at 60 to 64 years old.

Methods: A total of 51 patients from a historical cohort of IIM d

Methods: A total of 51 patients from a historical cohort of IIM diagnosed between 1983 and 2013 were interviewed with a specific questionnaire. Comparisons between pregnancies occurring before and after the onset of the disease were performed using generalized mixed-effect models with normal and binomial distributions adjusted for confounding factors and clustering. Results: A total

of 102 pregnancies from 51 patients (41 with dermatomyositis and 10 with polymyositis) were analyzed. A total of 14 pregnancies from 8 patients occurred after disease onset; statistically significant (p = 0.02) clinical improvement during gestation was evident in 7 pregnancies (4 patients), 5 of them (from 2 patients) experienced a relapse of IIM symptoms afterwards, while in the rest, there was no influence of pregnancy on the disease. No disease flare associated with pregnancy was observed. Two patients were diagnosed within the first 6 months after delivery and none during pregnancy. BIIB057 in vitro No evidence was found to support pregnancy as a trigger for myopathy (p = 0.71). Conclusions: Pregnancy does not seem to carry a worse

prognosis for the mother nor for the fetus in patients with IIM; on the contrary, nearly half of the patients in our series improved clinically when they became this website pregnant, a relapse of IIM symptoms being common afterwards. Pregnancy does not appear to be a trigger for IIM. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The identification of pulmonary embolism (PE) on computed tomography scans performed for indications other than identification of thromboembolism is a growing clinical problem that has not been adequately addressed by prospective treatment trials. The prevalence of incidentally

detected PE ranges from 1% to 4% in unselected populations, with higher rates among hospital inpatients and patients with cancer. Current guidelines recommend using the same approach to type and duration of anticoagulation as is used for patients with suspected PE. Available data regarding the significance of symptomatic subsegmental PE (SSPE) are conflicting, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the appropriate treatment of incidentally detected Selleckchem MK-4827 SSPE, for which the data are sparse. Among cancer patients, the bulk of available data suggest that incidental SSPE is associated with recurrent venous thromboembolism and, when symptomatic, may adversely impact survival. Here, the topic is reviewed utilizing 3 clinical cases, each of which is followed by a discussion of salient features and then by treatment recommendations.”
“Studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) have concentrated mainly on antigen presentation of peptides derived from the myelin sheath, while the implication of lipid antigen has been less explored in this pathology. As the extracellular environment regulates expression of the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1, we have examined whether sera from patients alters CD1 surface expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Thus, this study reveals new insights into inflammasome regulatio

Thus, this study reveals new insights into inflammasome regulation during Yersinia infection.”
“Objective: The objective of the paper is to find the association between inadequate gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in normal weight women SBE-β-CD in China. Method:

A retrospective study was conducted among 13,776 normal weight pregnant women who received antenatal care and delivered singleton infants at the participating hospital during August, 2009 to July, 2013. Adverse pregnancy outcomes like low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, birth asphyxia, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and length of hospital stay were compared and analyzed between two groups with inadequate and adequate gestational weight gain. Results: According to the IOM recommendations, inadequate gestational weight gain was found to be 14.7% in this study. Women with inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) were found to be at a higher risk for LBW (aOR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.75, 2.86) and preterm birth (aOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.67) than those in the adequate gestational weight gain group, after adjusting buy NVP-LDE225 for monthly family income, maternal education, occupation, and whether they received any advice regarding benefits of gestational weight gain and residential area. However, inadequate

GWG was not associated with longer hospital stay (aOR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.91-1.43) in adjusted model. In addition, the rate of birth asphyxia and NICU admission were similar in both groups (P bigger than 0.05). Conclusions: Normal weight pregnant women with GWG below the recommended AIOM 2009 guidelines were found to be at an increased risk of low birth weight and preterm birth.”
“Wnts are secreted proteins with functions in differentiation, development and cell proliferation. Wnt signaling has also been implicated in neuromuscular junction formation and may function in synaptic plasticity

in the adult as well. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (Sfrps) such as Sfrp1 can function as inhibitors of Wnt signaling. In the present study a potential role of Wnt signaling GW4869 molecular weight in denervation was examined by comparing the expression levels of Sfrp1 and key proteins in the canonical Wnt pathway, Dishevelled, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta and beta-catenin, in innervated and denervated rodent skeletal muscle. Sfrp1 mRNA and immunoreactivity were found to be up-regulated in mouse hemidiaphragm muscle following denervation. Immunoreactivity, detected by Western blots, and mRNA, detected by Northern blots, were both expressed in extrasynaptic as well as perisynaptic parts of the denervated muscle. Immunoreactivity on tissue sections was, however, found to be concentrated postsynaptically at neuromuscular junctions.

These findings indicate that physical exercise also has an impact

These findings indicate that physical exercise also has an impact on cognitive functioning in children. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To elucidate relationship between leaf acid phosphatase activity (APA) with either P nutritional status or P efficiency in rice, a hydroponic culture experiment supplied with either sufficient P (10 mg P L(-1)) or deficient P (0.5 mg P L(-1)) was conducted by using 8 rice genotypes different in their response to low P stress. Plants were AZD7762 mouse sampled at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatments (DAT). Leaf APA, leaf inorganic P concentration, total P concentration and total dry weight

of rice plants were determined. Results showed that there were significantly (p<0.05) genotypic variations in P acquisition efficiency (PAE), P use efficiency (PUE) and leaf APA at different plant ages under either sufficient P treatment or deficient P treatment. The response of leaf APA to P deficiency varied significantly (p<0.05) 8 rice genotypes. Correlation analysis showed that relative leaf APA of rice plants was inversely correlated to relative PAE (p<0.01) and was positively correlated to relative PUE (p<0.01), suggesting that leaf APA

was closely associated with P efficiency for rice plants. Under deficient P treatment, leaf APA was inversely correlated (p<0.05) CT99021 to plant P concentration, including leaf inorganic P concentration and plant total P concentration, for rice plants sampled at 10 DAT and 15 DAT, respectively, whereas there was no significant correlation between leaf APA and plant P concentration for rice plants sampled at 5 DAT and 20 DAT, respectively. There date indicated that the extent of P deficiency for rice plants showed whether there was a significant correlation between leaf APA and plant P concentration.”
“Changes in

water holding capacity and drip loss of Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) fillets during superchilled storage were studied. Due to the significant differences in ice crystal MRT67307 sizes observed in our previous study, the liquid loss (LL) was analysed separately, at the surface and centre of the superchilled samples. No significant differences were found in LL between surface and centre parts of the superchilled samples. No significant difference in the LL was observed from surface samples between 1 and 14 days of storage. There was a significant difference in the LL at day 1 of the centre samples, but no significant differences were observed between 3 and 14 days of storage. In contrast, the LL was significantly decreased at day 21 both at the centre and the surface of the superchilled samples. No significant difference (p smaller than 0.05) was found in drip loss between 1 and 14 days of storage for the superchilled samples. A significant increase in drip loss for the superchilled samples was observed at day 21.


“Objectives: Aberrant intra-epithelial


“Objectives: Aberrant intra-epithelial selleck screening library lymphocytes (IELs) are the hallmark of refractory coeliac disease type II RCDII and considered a premalignant cell population from which aggressive enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) can evolve. The aim of this study was to gain further insight in the origin and characteristics of aberrant IELs by analysing T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements, and by immunophenotypic analysis of aberrant IELs.\n\nDesign: Duodenal biopsies from 18 RCDII patients and three RCDII cell lines were analysed for the presence of TCR delta, gamma, and beta rearrangements. In addition, IELs isolated from biopsies derived from RCDII patients

were phenotypically analysed.\n\nResults: Aberrant IELs showed an upregulated expression of granzyme B and decreased expression of PCNA. TCR rearrangements in the aberrant IEL population in biopsies of RCDII patients were heterogenic, which is most likely due to a variation in maturity. Similarly,

RCDII cell lines displayed a heterogenic TCR rearrangement pattern.\n\nConclusion: Aberrant IELs originate from deranged immature T lymphocytes and display clear differentiation to a cytotoxic phenotype. Aberrant IELs displayed different stages of maturity between RCDII patients, of which only the patients find more harbouring the most mature aberrant IEL population developed an EATL. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To describe the utility of using wide-angle digital imaging in the training for retinopathy of prematurity with laser and in identifying common locations of skip areas that were present after initial panretinal photocoagulation with indirect ophthalmoscopy by ophthalmologists-in-training.\n\nMethods: Retrospective review of digital MDV3100 retinal images of 22 eyes of 12 infants who had undergone laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity performed by ophthalmologistsin- training. Presence of skip areas was determined by masked review of photographs. The location of skip areas was

classified based on two axes: 1) circumferential (in one of six clock-hour regions) and 2) radial (adjacent to the retinal ridge, adjacent to the ora serrata, or isolated patches of greater than one laser burn width).\n\nResults: A total of 30 skip areas were identified in the 22 eyes treated with laser photocoagulation. Based on the circumferential location, a significant difference in skip area distribution was found (P = 0.02). Regions with the highest percentage of skip areas were between the clock hours 11: 00 to 1: 00 (45%) and 5: 00 to 7: 00 (41%). Based on the radial location, 40% of all skip areas were found near the ora serrata, 17% near the ridge, and 43% as isolated patches (P = 0.14).\n\nConclusion: Skip areas after indirect panretinal laser photocoagulation by ophthalmologists-in-training were easily visualized by wide-angle digital imaging, after being missed by the trainee during the initial treatment procedure.

Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to study

Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to study

the RACK1/RhoA interaction. GTP-Rho pull-down assays were performed to assess the activation of RhoA. Galunisertib nmr We also conducted immunohistochemistry in 160 breast carcinoma samples. Experiments in vitro showed that RACK1 promotes migration via interaction with RhoA and activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Immunohistochemistry in 160 samples revealed that RACK1 is strongly correlated with accepted tumor spread indicators and RhoA (all P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated a correlation between higher RACK1 expression and shorter survival times (P < 0.001). RACK1 is a prognostic factor that promotes breast carcinoma migration/metastasis by interacting with RhoA and activating the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway.”
“This study investigated the role of MnR alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the control of anxiety-like and feeding behaviors and attempted to reveal a possible functional association between both behaviors. The alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PHE) (at doses of 0.2, 2, 6, 20 nmol) or saline was injected into the MnR or into the pontine nucleus (Pn) of free-feeding rats. The animals were exposed to the elevated plus maze to analyse spatial-temporal and ethological variables. Subsequently, the ingestive and non-ingestive behaviors

were recorded during 30 min and feeding and drinking behaviors were measured. SB525334 chemical structure Both in the elevated plus-maze and in the feeding chamber, all PHE doses injected into the MnR decreased the risk assessment frequency, an ethological parameter of anxiolytic-like effect. The spatial-temporal variables remained unchanged after PHE treatment. Feeding behavior was not affected by PHE into

the MnR. The anxiety-like or ingestive behaviors were not affected by PHE treatment in the Pn, an area adjacent to the MnR. These data indicate that alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors within MnR participate in the control of anxiety-like behaviors. The absence of effects on feeding behavior after MnR alpha(1)-adrenergic Sonidegib activation could be due to an elevated alpha(1)-adrenergic tonus and its possible strong facilitatory influence on 5-HT neurons within MnR. Furthermore, the present results suggest that anxiety-like and feeding behaviors controled by MnR adrenergic circuits operate by independent neural pathways. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“A systematic study on copper(II) as catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate via oxidative carbonylation is here reported for the first time. Copper(II) chloride has been found to efficiently promote the process under homogeneous conditions treating glycerol with CO:O-2 (P-tot = 4 MPa; P-(02) = 0.7 MPa), in DMA at 130 degrees C and in the presence of pyridine as co-catalyst. Excellent conversions (>92%) and selectivities (>93%) are obtained in relatively short reaction times (3-4h) also with copper(II) complexes.

Results: We have developed CNGen, a new software for the part

\n\nResults: We have developed CNGen, a new software for the partitioning of copy number polymorphism using the integrated genotypes from Birdsuite with the Affymetrix platform. The algorithm applied to familial trios or extended pedigrees can produce partitioned copy number genotypes with distinct

parental alleles. We have validated the algorithm using simulations on a complex pedigree structure using frequencies calculated from a real dataset of 300 genotyped samples from 42 pedigrees segregating a congenital heart defect phenotype.\n\nConclusions: CNGen is the first published software for the partitioning of copy number genotypes in pedigrees, making possible the use CNPs and CNVs for linkage analysis. It was implemented with the Python interpreter version 2.5.2. It was successfully tested on current Linux, Windows AZD8931 chemical structure and Mac OS workstations.”
“The contraction and rotation of left ventricular (LV) segments in a synchronous fashion is vital for cardiac pump function. However, no data exist regarding the relationship of LV segmental mechanics and regional volume change in MK-0518 cost patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Thirty-two patients with EF < 50% and fifty-two normal subjects

were enrolled. The radius strain and rotation were assessed in six segments at three short axis views using speckle tracking imaging. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the strain peak time index (SPTI%) and the rotation peak time index (RPTI%) for each view were calculated as representing myocardial segmental synchrony. The mean and the SD of the 4-D mini-volume time index (VMTI, %) from 16 regions were calculated as representing regional volume change using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE). The SD for each time index was averaged as the systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI) in both groups.

The differences of the SPTI and the RPTI to the VMTI (T(sv) and T(rv)) were calculated as dyssynchrony between myocardial segmental mechanics HM781-36B clinical trial and regional volume change. The time interval of the RPTI between apical and basal rotation (T(abrot)) was also calculated. The relationship of T(sv), T(rv) and T(abrot) to LV ejection fraction (EF) was then analyzed. In patients with LV systolic dysfunction, both peak strain and peak rotation occurred later than the regional minimum volume (55.3 +/- A 11.1% vs. 45.9 + 5.5%; 50.4 +/- A 8.7% vs. 45.9 +/- A 5.5% (both P < 0.05) as compared with normal subjects (41.1 +/- A 6.6% vs. 40.3 +/- A 3.8%; 44.1 +/- A 7.5% vs. 40.3 +/- A 3.8%). The SDI in each time index is also significantly wider than in normal subjects (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a negative correlation between T(sv), T(rv) and T(abrot) with EF, respectively (P < 0.05). In patients with abnormal LV systolic function the rotation occurs significantly later than regional volume change as compared with normal subjects.