(Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:1309-13) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318236fbd1″
“Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds and craniofacial asymmetry, using

3D-computed tomography (CT) measurements. Subjects and Methods Forty-one reconstructed 3D-CT models of adult subjects were measured to analyze craniofacial asymmetry. Subjects were divided into two groups depending on the presence (n=20) or absence (n=21) of unilateral joint sounds, and the results compared using the MannWhitney U-test. To investigate the association between these parameters, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. Results Asymmetries in the maxillary and mandibular structures were statistically significant (P<0.05) for subjects

with unilateral TMJ sounds and 4SC-202 mw for controls, except in the case of maxillary rotation and mandibular ramus height (0.05). The highest deviations found were frontal and lateral ramal inclination, goniac angle and canting of occlusal plane. Conclusions Adult patients with unilateral joint sounds may have skeletal jaw asymmetry and a canted occlusal plane. Oral Diseases (2013) 19, 406-414″
“Single-ligand complexes of nickel(II) with chiral diamines LXH254 chemical structure based on L-proline and (S)-camphor efficiently catalyze addition of diethyl malonate to omega-nitrostyrene in the presence of 1 equiv of triethylamine as co-catalyst. The reaction enantioselectivity depends on the chiral ligand structure.”
“Dyes obtained from different natural sources have

emerged as an important alternative to synthetic dyes due to their negative ecotoxicological effects Selleck 10058-F4 on the environment. In this study, natural colourant from the leaves of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) was valorized in the dyeing of cationized cotton fabrics. The influence of the main dyeing conditions (dye bath pH, dyeing temperature, and dyeing duration) on the performances of this dyeing process was studied. The dyeing performances of this process were appreciated by measuring the colour yield (K/S) and the fastness properties of the dyed samples. A surface design with the help of Minitab 15 software was used for optimization of the dyeing process and evaluation of interaction effects of different operating parameters. The optimum conditions for dyeing process were found to be pH of 8.22, dyeing temperature of 99.83 degrees C and dyeing duration of 59.38 min. In addition, it was found that the dye bath of cationized cotton with Croscolor DRT absorbed polyphenols compounds and reduced the Biological Oxygen Demand COD and BOD5 of the dyeing bath. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether normotensive women who were born small for gestational age have low plasma volume in adult life, which is associated with later chronic hypertension.

Animals-34 apparently healthy

adult Scottish Terriers (17 with and 17 without hyperphosphatasemia).

Procedures-Serum activities for 3 isoforms (bone, liver, and corticosteroid) of ALP were measured. Concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, estradiol, and aldosterone were measured before and after cosyntropin administration (ie, ACTH; 5 mu g/kg [2.27 mu g/lb], IM). Liver biopsy specimens from 16 dogs (11 with Crenigacestat and 5 without hyperphosphatasemia) were evaluated histologically.

Results-In dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, the corticosteroid ALP isoform comprised a significantly higher percentage of total ALP activity, compared with the percentage Selleckchem Citarinostat in dogs without hyperphosphatasemia (mean +/- SE, 69 +/- 5.0% and 17 +/- 3.8%, respectively). In 6 dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, but none without, serum cortisol concentrations exceeded reference intervals after ACTH stimulation. Six dogs with and 15 without hyperphosphatasemia had increased concentrations of >= 1 noncortisol steroid hormone after ACTH stimulation. Serum ALP activity was correlated with cortisol and androstenedione concentrations (r = 0.337 and 0.496, respectively) measured after ACTH stimulation. All dogs with and most without hyperphosphatasemia

had abnormal hepatocellular reticulation typical of vacuolar hepatopathy. Subjectively, hepatocellular reticulation was more severe and widespread in hyperphosphatasemic dogs, compared with that in nonhyperphosphatasemic dogs.

Conclusions click here and Clinical Relevance-Hyperphosphatasemia in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers was most likely attributable to hyperadrenocorticism on the basis of exaggerated serum biochemical responses to ACTH administration and histologic hepatic changes, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;71:178-186)”
“OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of ethnicity on waterpipe smoking among college students.

DESIGN: A cross-sectional

study utilized data from University of Houston students through an online survey (n = 2334) from March to April 2011. The survey included questions on demographic characteristics (sex, age, race/ethnicity), tobacco use experience, risk perception, social acceptability and popularity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of waterpipe use with three outcomes: ever-use vs. no use, past-year use vs. no use and past-month use vs. no use.

RESULTS: Half of the sample had previously smoked tobacco using a waterpipe, approximately a third in the past year and 12.5% in the past month. Significant predictors included Middle Eastern ethnicity, Middle Eastern friend, past cigarette or cigar use. Perception of harm was associated with less use in the ever-use model, while perceived addictiveness, social acceptability and popularity of waterpipes were predictors in all models.

Twenty-four hours after the last episode of defeat (PD45), separate groups of mice were tested in the social interaction, forced swimming, sucrose preference, and elevated plus-maze behavioral assays (n = 7-12 per group). Also, we examined body weight gain across days of social defeat and levels of blood serum corticosterone 40 min after the last episode of defeat stress. Our data indicates that defeated mice exhibited a depressive-like phenotype as inferred from increased social avoidance, increased immobility in the forced swim test, and reduced sucrose preference (a measure of anhedonia), when compared to non-defeated controls. Defeated mice also displayed an anxiogenic-like

phenotype when tested on the click here elevated plus-maze. Lastly, stressed mice displayed lower body weight gain, along with increased blood serum corticosterone levels, when compared to non-stressed controls. Overall, we show that in adolescent male c57BL/6 see more mice, social defeat stress induces a depression-and anxiety-like phenotype 24 h after the last episode of stress. These data suggest that the social defeat paradigm may be used to examine the etiology of stress-induced mood-related disorders during adolescence.”
“The SWISSspine registry is the first

mandatory registry of its kind in the history of Swiss orthopaedics and it follows the principle of “”coverage with evidence development”". Its goal is the generation of evidence for a decision by the Swiss federal office

of health about reimbursement of the concerned technologies and treatments by the basic health insurance of Switzerland. Recently, developed and clinically implemented, the Dynardi total disc arthroplasty (TDA) accounted for 10% of the implanted lumbar TDAs in the registry. We compared the outcomes of patients treated with Dynardi to those of the recipients of the other TDAs in the registry. Between March 2005 and October 2009, 483 patients with single-level TDA were documented in the registry. The 52 patients with a single Dynardi lumbar disc prosthesis implanted by two surgeons (CE and OS) were compared to the 431 patients who received one of the other prostheses. Data were collected in a prospective, observational multicenter mode. Surgery, implant, 3-month, 1-year, selleck compound and 2-year follow-up forms as well as comorbidity, NASS and EQ-5D questionnaires were collected. For statistical analyses, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and chi-square test were used. Multivariate regression analyses were also performed. Significant and clinically relevant reduction of low back pain and leg pain as well as improvement in quality of life was seen in both groups (P < 0.001 postop vs. preop). There were no inter-group differences regarding postoperative pain levels, intraoperative and follow-up complications or revision procedures with a new hospitalization.

2-24.7) or the etanercept group (19.2 mm Hg, 95% CI 9.0-29.5), higher SW than the NS group (10.3 gm-m, 95% CI 5.1-15.5) or the etanercept group (8.9 gm-m, 95% CI 4.0-14.4) and greater LV dP/dt than the NS group (282.9 mm Hg/s, 95% CI 169.6-386.1 higher with infliximab) or the etanercep BIIB057 purchase group (228.9 mm Hg/s, 95% CI 115.6-342.2 higher with infliximab).

Conclusions: Only infliximab demonstrated a beneficial effect on post cardiac arrest

hemodynamics and LV function in this swine model. Etanercept was no better in this regard than saline. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Toxicological and biomedical effects of nanoparticles to living subjects should be elucidated before use for safety. To address this point, we attended to proinflammatory cytokine release from macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells as a measure of the impact of nanoscale particles to living subjects.

We explored the specific impacts of TiO(2) particles on the signaling cascades for proinflammatory cytokine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha release using a bioluminescent coculture system and an ELISA assay in the presence of various chemotherapeutic agents or biochemical inhibitors. This evaluation revealed that the proinflammatory cytokine release from the RAW 264.7 cells is synergically enhanced by the mixture of TiO(2) particles and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and TNF-alpha release is AG-881 nmr modulated by 40 nm TiO(2) particles via a mitgen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway. The TNF-alpha release is also affected by the agonist of glucocorticoid receptor in both basal and TiO(2)-particle-activated conditions. The present study evidences that nanoscale TiO(2) particles exert a modulator CFTRinh-172 manufacturer to the initial steps of inflammation, called TNF-alpha release from RAW 264.7 cells.”
“Ischemic heart disease, despite advances in treatment, remains

the major cause of mortality worldwide. NOGA 3D left ventricular electromechanical mapping allows accurate determination of cardiac function and precise identification of sites of injury. In a porcine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury, we validate the use of the NOGA mapping system for assessment of cardiac function along with the Myostar injection catheter for directed delivery of therapeutics to localized target sites in the setting of acute myocardial injury.”
“Purpose: To synthesize and characterize novel thiazolidinone derivatives and screen them for antitubercular activity.

Methods: A series of twelve novel thiazolidinones 4a-l have been synthesized by cyclocondensation of various Schiff bases of amino thiadiazole with thioglycollic acid. Various Schiff bases 3a-l were synthesized by condensation of 2-amino-5-aryl-5H-thiazolo[4,3-b]-l,3,4-thiadiazole with various aryl aldehydes. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and mass spectrometry.

We

measured the maximum diameter of paralytic side posttibial veins (PTVs) and peroneal veins (PVs) in 49 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage on admission and at 2 weeks after stroke onset by ultrasonography. We also examined for the presence or absence of DVT, and then analyzed the association of DVT with the maximum vein diameter. At 2 weeks after stroke, DVTs were detected in PTVs in 7 patients and in PVs in Alvocidib purchase 6 patients. The maximum calf vein diameters at 2 weeks were significantly greater in patients with DVT compared with those without DVT (PTV, P = .033; PV, P = .015). Although calf vein diameter at admission did not influence the future incidence of DVT in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, the presence of DVT was associated with calf vein dilatation.”
“BACKGROUND: Placental mesenchymal learn more dysplasia is a rare abnormality characterized by placentomegaly, grapelike cystic vesicles, and

villous hyperplasia. The clinical and ultrasonographic presentation may mimic molar pregnancy, provoking incorrect diagnoses and unnecessary therapeutic interventions.

CASE: A 36-year-old nulliparous woman presented for prenatal ultrasonography that indicated the presence of one gestational sac containing both fetus and cystic mass, concerning for partial molar pregnancy. Amniocentesis returned a 46,XX karyotype, suggesting a twin gestation with complete mole. The patient was monitored closely and, because of fetal growth restriction, was induced successfully at term and delivered a healthy newborn. Histopathologic findings of the placenta were consistent with placental mesenchymal dysplasia.

CONCLUSION:

Although placental mesenchymal dysplasia is often confused with molar pregnancy, it is important to consider both in a differential to avoid inappropriate treatments. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:445-9) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182161828″
“Objective: To examine the association between dehiscence length in patients with superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and their clinical findings, including objective audiometric and vestibular testing results.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Tertiary referral center.

Patients: Patients included in this study were diagnosed with superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome www.selleckchem.com/products/a-769662.html and underwent surgical repair of the dehiscence through middle fossa craniotomy. The dehiscence length was measured intraoperatively in all cases.

Main Outcome Measures: Correlation between dehiscence length with pure-tone average (PTA), average bone-conduction threshold, maximal air-bone gap, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential thresholds, and presenting signs and symptoms.

Results: The correlation between dehiscence length and maximal air-bone gap was statistically significant on both univariate and multivariate regression analyses.

Due to the good sensibility of the in situ experimental device, the growth stress kinetics even at short oxidation times has been recorded and has been shown to be microstructure sensitive. At different oxidation times, the corresponding residual stress at room temperature has also been investigated and the experimental thermal stress has been deduced.

The comparison between the respective magnitudes of stress variations induced by creep relaxation during isothermal oxidation, Cyclosporin A concentration and by the additional thermal stress occurring upon cooling, has led to the definition of a stress threshold finally proposed to explain the residual stress values and the difference between theoretical and experimental thermal stress components.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has progressed to a chronic disease and HIV positive individuals are living longer lives. This has lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality due to secondary issues, one being HIV bone disease. HIV infected pediatric and adult populations have a greater incidence in reduction of BMD as compared to the controls. Osteoporosis has been reported to be present in up to 15 % of HIV positive patients. SRT1720 order We are starting to understand the mechanism

behind the changes in HIV bone disease. Viral proteins interfere with osteoblastic activity either by direct interaction or by the inflammatory process that they induce. Anti-viral management, including highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), protease inhibitors, and nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) also are involved in disrupting proper bone metabolism. Screening Library high throughput Vitamin D levels have strong correlation with bone disease in HIV patients, and are dependent not only to chronic disease state, but interaction of pharmacologic management and inflammatory process as well. Work up of the secondary causes of osteopenia and osteoporosis should be undertaken in all patients.

DEXA scan is recommended in all post-menopausal women with HIV, all HIV infected men 50 years of age or older and in those with a history of fragility fractures regardless of age or gender. Preventive measures include adequate nutrition, calcium and Vitamin D intake daily, muscle strengthening and balance exercises to increase BMD and reduce fractures. Bisphosphonates are considered to be the first line for the treatment of HIV associated bone disease. This review will describe how the balanced mechanism of bone metabolism is interrupted by the HIV infection itself, the complications that arise from HIV/AIDS, and its treatment options.”
“We synthesized the ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles passivated by biocompatible layer, namely, biotin by chemical precipitation route and studied their temporal evolution for size, structure, optical, and photoluminescence stability.

In the same time, the interactions between hydroxyether and water increase. The evolution of the macroscopic behavior

of the bonded assemblies is due to this combination observed at different scales. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115:1208-1214, 2010″
“Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy typically found in the extremities or chest of young adults. We present a case of an alveolar soft part sarcoma arising in the endocervix of a 38-year-old premenopausal woman. This cancer was treated by extrafascial hysterectomy. No evidence of metastatic disease was found after extensive surgical staging. Since treatment, she has since remained disease-free for more than 5 years without additional therapy. This is the second case of ASPS arising in the endocervix of which we are aware. Our observations suggest simple hysterectomy suffices for optimal selleckchem clinical management of cervical ASPS and that surgical staging of this disease offers little prognostic benefit.”
“Androgenetic-biparental

mosaicism (ABM) denotes an embryo in which a subset of cells contains a diploid chromosomal complement derived entirely from the father. Such embryos have a high incidence of placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) and paternal imprinting disorders because the androgenetic cells have pangenomic paternal uniparental disomy. Uniparental disomy Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor also poses a theoretical risk for paternally transmitted autosomal recessive disorders, if both chromosomes of each autosomal pair are identical (isodisomy). We present the 1st example of a recessive disorder, renal-hepatic-pancreatic

dysplasia, in a pregnancy complicated by PMD and ABM. Androgeneticbiparental mosaicism was demonstrated in fetal DNA, extracted from multiple organs, by quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods that detected allelic imbalances at the differentially methylated SNRPN locus (chromosome 15); polymorphic short tandem repeat microsatellite markers located on chromosomes 4, 7, 8, 13, 18, and 21; and single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 1 and 19. Laser capture microdissection was performed to isolate specific placental and renal cell populations and document selective enrichment of androgenetic cells in the stroma of PMD and GW4869 mw the epithelium of renal cysts. Mutational analysis of coding sequences did not reveal any mutations in NPHP3, a ciliopathy gene implicated in some cases of renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia. Nonetheless, the fetal phenotype and laser capture data support the model of a paternally transmitted autosomal recessive disorder, which occurred because of ABM.”
“The local electronic and structural as well as the macroscopic magnetic properties of K3Cr2Fe3F15 have been studied between room temperature and 4 K. The system has been found to be isostructural with ferroelectric and weakly ferrimagnetic K3Fe5F15 above the ferroelectric transition temperature T-c.

“
“Background and Purpose: Ascertaining the optimal depth of dilator progression is a crucial factor during tract dilation in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Dilation is generally guided under fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, or combination of both techniques, and it is still difficult to prevent overdilation causing perforation and vascular injury or underdilation causing difficulty in establishment of access. Thus, improvements

in dilation technique bears clinical significance. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility in an animal model of using the “”visual dilator system” for optimal percutaneous tract dilation under real-time visual guidance.

Materials and Methods: The visual this website dilator system consisted of a transparent hollow dilator made of polyvinyl chloride and a rigid ureteroscope inserted within its lumen. The ureteroscope was connected to a standard endoscopic camera system. The dilator system backloaded with an access sheath was passed over a guidewire to dilate the tract and position the access sheath under

visual guidance. Saline was used as GSI-IX in vivo irrigation to maintain clarity during dilation. The dilation technique was implemented to establish percutaneous access tract in six PCNL simulator models made from fresh porcine kidney placed inside an eviscerated chicken carcass and four female swine (eight kidneys) to experimentally evaluate its feasibility and efficacy.

Results: All tracts were successfully established with dilation through the CHIR 99021 intervening tissue layers, approach into the target calix, as well as access sheath placement being visually monitored through the dilator wall to confirm accuracy. All procedures were free

of dilation-related complications such as collecting system perforation, excessive bleeding (in-vivo model), or loss of access. The limited number of animal models and lack of randomized comparative study with other dilator modalities were major drawbacks of the study.

Conclusions: The study demonstrates feasibility of precutaneous access tract dilation using a Visual dilator system. This technique can provide visual confirmation of accuracy in dilation to improve safety and efficacy of the procedure.”
“Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus that produces abundant pigmented conidia. Several fungal components have been identified as virulence factors, including melanin; however, the impact of these factors in a repeated exposure model resembling natural environmental exposures remains unknown. This study examined the role of fungal melanin in the stimulation of pulmonary immune responses using immunocompetent BALB/c mice in a multiple exposure model. It compared conidia from wild-type A. fumigatus to two melanin mutants of the same strain, Delta arp2 (tan) or Delta alb1 (white). Mass spectrometry-based analysis of conidial extracts demonstrated that there was little difference in the protein fingerprint profiles between the three strains.

Conclusions: The heavy reliance on informal routes of communication and integration by patients and providers emphasizes the urgent need for change in order to improve coordinating mechanisms for hospital community oncologic care. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ovary is located inside peritoneal cavity. However, a huge malignant ovarian tumor CA3 solubility dmso may get involved with retroperitoneal structures.

We reported a case of a 70-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history

of increased abdominal distention and was subsequently found to have a giant abdominal mass. A huge low signal intensity mass with the involvement of retroperitoneal structures was showed on MRI. At operation, we found that the tumor pushed mesentery and small bowel upwards with the encasement of 10 cm jejunum and was fixed posteriorly to vena cava, aorta, right iliac Bcl-2 inhibitor vessels, and right

ureter. It was dissected from the retroperitoneal structures and resected en bloc with the involved jejunum.

Although ovary is located inside peritoneal cavity, a huge malignant ovarian tumor may get involved with retroperitoneal structures. So, great care should be taken not to injury the retroperitoneal structures as vena cava, mesenteric vessels, iliac vessels, and ureters.”
“High-strength and high-toughness nanofibers were made from polyimide 6F-PI through PRT062607 purchase electrospinning. The 6F-PI had a backbone made up with 3,3′,4, 4′-biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]-hexafluoro-propane residues. Electrospun 6F-PI precursor nanofibers were collected in the form of aligned fiber sheet on the rim of a rotating disc. Heating process converted the precursor fiber sheets to 6F-PI nanofiber sheets. Gel permeation chromatography and Ostwald Viscometer were used to determine the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the 6F-PI precursor, i.e., the 6F-polyamic acid. Scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric

analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to characterize the surface morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the 6F-PI nanofiber sheets. Experimental results show that the nanofibers were well aligned in the sheets with fiber diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm. The nanofiber sheets were stable to over 450 degrees C, with a glass transition at 265.2 degrees C. The uniaxial tension test showed that the 6F-PI nanofiber sheets had superior mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength, modulus, toughness, and elongation to break of the 6F-PI nanofiber sheets are respectively, 308 +/- 14 MPa, 2.08 +/- 0.25 GPa, 365 +/- 20 MPa, and 202 +/- 7%.

We studied the expression of D2-40 by immunohistochemistry to determine if this marker could reliably differentiate these neoplasms AZD4547 from each other. A total of 49 cutaneous tumors, including 22 cases of trichoepitheliomas and 27 cases of BCC were examined. Of the 27 cases of BCC,

18 cases were located in the head and neck area, 5 on upper extremities, and 4 on the back. Of the 22 cases of trichoepitheliomas, all were from the head and neck area. D2-40 expression was present in 21/22 cases of trichoepitheliomas; 11 cases were diffusely positive (50%), 10 cases were focally positive (45.5%), and 1 case was negative (4.5%). D2-40 expression was present in 6/27 cases of BCC; 2 cases were diffusely positive (7.4%), 4 cases were focally positive (14.8%), and 21 cases were negative (77.8%). In summary, D2-40 expression was only weakly and selleck chemical focally positive in BCC (22.2% of cases) and diffusely and weakly positive in trichoepitheliomas (95.5% of cases). The sensitivity and specificity of D2-40 immunoreactivity to separate trichoepitheliomas from BCCs

was 95.5% and 77.8%, respectively. This data suggests that D2-40 expression could be a useful potential marker to distinguish BCCs from trichoepitheliomas, especially when there is a high index of histologic suspicion for either of these two tumors. Our results also suggest that BCC can show differentiation toward the outer root sheath of hair follicles.”
“Object. The debate addressed in this article is that of surgical treatment methods for a neuroma-in-continuity. The authors of this study chose to test the hypothesis that more severe nerve injuries,

as distinguished by < ABT-737 in vitro 50% conduction across a neuroma-in-continuity, could be treated with neuroma resection and grafting, whereas less severe nerve injuries, with > 50% conduction across the neuroma, could be treated with neurolysis alone.

Methods. The goal of this study was to compare preoperative and postoperative Active Movement Scale (AMS) scores in children with upper trunk brachial plexus birth injuries treated with neurolysis alone if the neuroma’s conductivity was > 50% on intraoperative nerve testing. Seventeen patients (7 male, 10 female) met the criteria for inclusion in this study. Surgery was done when the patients were an average of 10 months old (range 6-19 months). The authors analyzed AMS scores from the preoperative assessment, 1-year postoperative follow-up visit, and subsequent follow-up assessment as close to 3 years after surgery as possible (referred to in this paper as > 2-year postoperative scores).

Results. Comparison of preoperative and 1-year follow-up data showed significant improvement in shoulder abduction, flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation; elbow flexion and supination; and wrist extension.