The terminology used by journalists and scientists is full of metaphors. Using descriptions as the genetic Entospletinib concentration blueprint for human beings may suggest that DNA contains the instructions

for the body on how to develop, how to stay Selleck Evofosfamide alive, how to grow, etc. Nowadays, the genetic determinism implied in the metaphor is not supported by most scientists, so a new metaphor is suggested by Rehmann-Sutter: systems. In complex molecular systems, mutual influences exist. Genes alone are not sufficient for the complete description of developmental pathways. Rather than considering nature responsible for writing our book of life, individual persons have a responsibility to know about their risk and possible precautions. The Jewish perspective on genetics shows a striking paradox. No religious group has been more victimized by genetics than Jews, under the Nazi regime. Yet, no single religious group has been more receptive to genetic medicine than Jews, including prenatal testing, in vitro fertilization, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, preconceptional screening and stem cells. At its roots, Judaism is a tradition that sees human beings as ‘co-creators’ with God in creation and that does not exhibit a fear that human beings will use technology to ‘play God’. The Muslim perspective is described by Siti Nurani

Mohamed Nor. As Asia is the hub of biotechnological OSI-906 order superpowers, Nor’s chapter is focussing on biotechnology, especially human embryo research. According to her, there is a plurality of views regarding the beginning of life. Lawmakers consider every action in light of the choice of the lesser of two evils, in this context foregoing the potential of gene technology vs. infringements of the objectives of Islamic law,

which are defined by five basic human interests: life, religion, property, intellect and family lineage. On the beginning of human life, there is a general consensus that there is potential life in early embryos and they must be treated with caution. The intention to eliminate diseases may be justified in actions that may bring about the possibility of embryo destruction. This sometimes is interpreted to be the lesser of two evils. She further proposes a reasoned and sustained deliberation on the ethics of stem cell Chloroambucil research, including biotechnological as well as philosophical and theological perspectives. Buddhism, according to Pinit Ratanakul, in principle has no difficulty to cope with new scientific achievements such as genetics and biotechnology. Advances in human genetic research and its applications in medical practices such as diagnosis, treatment and prevention of genetic diseases are of great promise and bring hopes for the cure of incurable diseases which many people are afflicted with. The core of Buddhist ethics is compassion, involving beneficence, non-maleficence and other forms of altruism.

003, and 0.060 ± 0.004, respectively; P < 0.01). Again, the ability to form biofilm on polystyrene plates of the twelve strains was not significantly correlated to their ability to form biofilm on IB3-1 cell monolayers (Pearson r, -0.127; P > 0.05). On the other hand, the results of the crystal violet staining showed a statistically significant positive correlation (Pearson r = 0.641; P < 0.05) between adhesiveness and ability to form biofilm GSK872 mw (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Adhesion to and biofilm formation on polystyrene by 12 S. maltophilia isolates from CF patients. A. Adhesion (grey bars)

and biofilm (black bars) levels were Torin 1 supplier assessed by crystal violet colorimetric technique and expressed as optical density read at 492 nm (OD492). OBGTC26 strain adhesiveness was significantly higher than OBGTC49, OBGTC50, and OBGTC52 strains (* P < 0.05; Kruskall-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison post-test). Biofilm formed by OBGTC20 strain was significantly higher than that produced by OBGTC9 and OBGTC49 strains (** P < 0.01; Kruskall-Wallis CYC202 clinical trial test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test). Results are expressed as means + SDs. B. Relationship between adhesion to and biofilm formation levels on polystyrene. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between adhesion and biofilm levels (Pearson r = 0.641; P < 0.05). S. maltophilia internalizes within IB3-1 cells at low levels To ascertain whether our strains

of S. maltophilia are able to enter IB3-1 cells, bacterial internalization was evaluated by a classical antibiotic exclusion assay. Due to high-level of gentamicin resistance, only 5 strains were tested for invasiveness. Gentamicin Microtubule Associated inhibitor was highly effective on inhibiting the growth of the S. maltophilia strains (inhibition of growth ≥ 99.9%, data not shown) and was proved to be not toxic for IB3-1 cells

even when they were exposed up to 1200 μg ml-1, as assessed by the XTT assay (data not shown). The results of the invasion experiments indicated that all strains tested were able to invade IB3-1 cells, albeit at a very low level. Viable intracellular bacteria represented only a minor fraction of the total bacterial input used to infect cell monolayers. Internalization rates (cfus released upon cell lysis, compared to cfus used to infect cell monolayers) were 0.54, 0.01, 4.94, 2.48, 0.03% for OBGTC9, OBGTC10, OBGTC37, OBGTC38, and OBGTC50, respectively. Internalization levels (expressed as number of internalized bacteria) were not significantly related to adhesion levels (expressed as number of adhered bacteria) (Pearson r: 0.044, P > 0.05). Swimming and twitching motilities are not involved in S. maltophilia adhesion to and biofilm formation on IB3-1 cells The motility of our twelve S. maltophilia clinical isolates was assessed by swimming and twitching assays, as described in Materials and Methods. S. maltophilia strains exhibited a very broad range of motility (data not shown). Ten out of 12 (83.

However, the quantum size effect cannot be used to explain the increased light absorption of the ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(5) and ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(10)/P3HT:PCBM films in near-infrared (NIR) region (wavelength >700 nm) HDAC inhibitor because bulk CdS with an absorption onset of 2.42 eV mainly absorbs in the visible region (wavelength from roughly 400 to 700 nm). As shown in Figure 1b, the photogenerated electrons can effectively transfer from the conduction band (CB) of CdS to that of TiO2 because of the lower CB level (−4.2 eV) of TiO2 than that (−3.7 eV) of CdS, which may most probably be due to a superposition of the electronic states of TiO2 and CdS. Therefore, an electronic interaction between the TiO2 and CdS exists and makes the bandgap of the TiO2/CdS composite system different from that of TiO2 or CdS. For example, as reported previously by Luo et al. [30], the bandgap of the TiO2/CdS composite system is 2.39 eV, which is even smaller than that of bulk CdS and leads to a weak absorption of the TiO2/CdS film in the NIR region. These results show that the deposited CdS nanoparticles effectively improve

the light absorption of the ITO/nc-TiO2 and ITO/nc-TiO2/P3HT:PCBM films, which is beneficial to the improvement of the performance of the cells. Figure 4 UV–vis absorption

spectrum of the ITO/nc-TiO 2 , ITO/nc-TiO 2 /CdS(5), and ITO/nc-TiO 2 /CdS( n )/P3HT:PCBM films ( buy SAHA HDAC n  = 0 and 10). In order to more clearly investigate the influence of CdS QDs on the optoelectronic performance of the prepared solar cells, the I-V characteristics of the ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(n)/P3HT:PCBM solar cells without the PEDOT:PSS layer under 100-mW/cm2 white light illumination were first measured as shown in Figure 5 (n = 0, 5, 10, and 15). Four factors concerning cell performance: V oc, I sc, fill factor (FF), PRKACG and power conversion efficiency (PCE), extracted from the I-V characteristics are shown in Table 1. It can be found that the PCE of the ITO/nc-TiO2/P3HT:PCBM/Ag cell under white light illumination with an intensity of 100 mW/cm2 is only about 0.15%, which is comparable to the reported PCE value of 0.13% [11]. Selleckchem QNZ Moreover, the V oc (0.15 V), I sc (3.81 mA/cm2), and FF (0.27) are also very close to the reported values, i.e., V oc = 0.15 V, I sc = 4 mA/cm2, and FF = 0.27 [11]. Figure 5 I – V characteristics of the ITO/nc-TiO 2 /CdS( n )/P3HT:PCBM devices ( n  = 0, 5, 10, and 15). Table 1 Summary of PV cell performance under white light illumination with an intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 Cells V oc(V) I sc(mA/cm2) PCE (%) FF ITO/nc-TiO2/P3HT:PCBM/Ag 0.15 3.81 0.15 0.27 ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(5)/P3HT:PCBM/Ag 0.60 5.81 1.57 0.5 ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(10)/P3HT:PCBM/Ag 0.40 4.93 0.68 0.35 ITO/nc-TiO2/CdS(15)/P3HT:PCBM/Ag 0.33 4.90 0.61 0.

Codosiga spp. was identified by life observations and scanning electron microscopy as shown (A). Figure 2 Abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (light grey) and relative abundance of naked choanoflagellates (dark grey) in redoxclines of Gotland Deep in 2008 (GD 2008) and 2009 (GD 2009) and Landsort Deep

2009 (LD 2009) based on epifluorescence microscopy. The horizontal dashed line represents the first appearance of hydrogen sulfide (chemocline). Note the changes in the scale of some axis between the two years. Phylogenetic reconstructions using ribosomal gene sequences Nearly complete 18S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for both strain IOW73 (1748 base pairs in length), and strain IOW94 (1783 base pairs). Additionally, we generated partial 28S rRNA sequences for both strains to enable comparison with Codosiga gracilis from GenBank (the 18S rRNA sequence is missing ICG-001 selleck for this unique Codosiga culture, see [6]). The 28S sequences obtained, including the divergent D1-D6 regions, possessed a length of 1620 and 1612

base pairs for strain IOW73 and strain IOW94, A-769662 manufacturer respectively. Strains IOW73 and IOW94 belong to the Salpingoecidae according to [6] and branched off with clade 1 by Carr et al. [5], and clade A by del Campo & Massana [16]. The 18S rRNA tree (Figure 3) additionally contains environmental sequences from different habitats closely related to clade A. The Codosiga sequences form a well supported clade with sequences from hypoxic habitats

such as the Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep), Framvaren Fjord, the Black Sea and Sagami Bay, Japan. The only exceptional sequence in this clade, that was not isolated from hypoxic environment, is AJ402325 from the Pacific [27] which forms the basal branch. We were able to establish cultures for two further strains, IOW74 (Gotland Deep, 208 m) and IOW75 (Landsort Deep, 260 m), whose short 18S rRNA sequence fragments are identical to strain IOW73 (data not shown). Figure 3 Phylogenetic relationships of choanoflagellate strains isolated within this study to environmental sequences from hypoxic habitats based on partial 18S rRNA sequences using MrBayes. New species are presented in white Liothyronine Sodium bold characters; environmental clonal sequences of hypoxic habitats are shown in bold face letters. Posterior probability and bootstrap values above 0.5 and 50 are indicated. Values above 0.99 and 99 are presented as bold face branches. Scale bar represents 0.1 mutations per position. Amoebidium parasiticum (Ichthyosporea) was used as outgroup representative. The phylogenetic tree based on partial 28S rRNA gene sequences, excluding the highly divergent D2 region, shows a well established branching order in the Craspedida and Acanthoecida (Figure 4). Sequences of our new isolates are closely related to Codosiga gracilis ATCC50454, rendering the genus Codosiga monophyletic. Strain IOW94 is more closely related to C. gracilis (p-distance 4.8%) than IOW73 (p-distance to C. gracilis 11.6%).

Before use, transconjugants were kept in buffered pepton containing 30% glycerol at -80°C. The donor E38.27 contained a second plasmid IncHI1, which was not transferred to the transconjugant T38.27. Resistance phenotypes of D, R and T were used in the experiments to select for D, R or T on selective plates, for quantification purpose. The IncI1 plasmid of E38.27 contains

two addiction factors pndAC and yacAC coding for Class II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems (Dr Hilde Smith, personal ABT-737 in vivo communication). The antitoxins bind to toxins by protein-protein complex formation [17]. The antitoxins are less stable than the toxins, hence plasmid-free daughter cells will be killed after cell division. Experimental set up Three experiments were carried out. Firstly

selleck D, R and T were grown as single learn more populations from which growth parameters were determined. From the growth experiment with T, we also estimated plasmid loss. Secondly, experiments were done to estimate the conjugation coefficient and growth parameters in the presence of other bacterial populations. Thirdly, long-term dynamics were studied during a 3-months experiment. All experiments were conducted in static liquid cultures. Experiment 1 was conducted in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and Experiments 2 and 3 in glass culture tubes. Start concentrations were determined by taking a sample directly after adding and mixing the inoculum in the medium.

Below we describe the experiment and an overview is listed in Additional file 2. Experiment 1 Single Celecoxib population experiments In experiment 1 growth curves of single populations of D, R and T were constructed from liquid cultures with two different start concentrations: 102 and 106 cfu/ml made in 25 ml Luria Bertani (LB) broth. Start concentrations were determined directly at the start of incubation by a colony count. The flasks were incubated at 37°C. Enumerations of D (experiment 1a,b,c,d), R (experiment 1e,f,g) and T (experiment 1h,i,j) were done by serial dilutions on selective plates. For the experiments with start concentration 102 cfu/ml this was done at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 30 and 48 h after the start of the experiment, whereas for the experiments with start concentration 106 cfu/ml at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 30 and 48 h after the start of the experiment. The growth rate, maximum density and lag-phase parameters were estimated from these data as described below in the section on the parameter estimation. Plasmid loss was determined along with the growth experiment of T (experiment 1i). At 4, 8 and 24 h, 94 colonies taken from the colony count plates of T, were each suspended in a single well of a 96 well microtitre plate (one colony per well) in LB broth. In the two remaining wells control isolates were suspended (T and D).

Serum hormone quantification Serum levels of testosterone,

DHT, and E2 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available kits (Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, USA). Briefly, reference controls, standards and samples were aliquoted in triplicate into separate wells pre-incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated primary antibodies specific for either testosterone, DHT, or E2. After washing, reference controls, standards, and sample wells were incubated with tetramethylbenzidine and gently agitated. CH5424802 research buy After 10 min, the HRP-substrate colorimetric reaction was stopped with 0.16 M H2SO4, and the absorbance at 450 nm of each well was evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis To evaluate the significance of possible group differences in steroid hormone levels within treatment groups, a 2 (high versus low dose) × 4 (sample time point) one-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted. LY3039478 molecular weight To evaluate statistically significant differences in steroid hormone levels between treatment groups, a two-way ANOVA was used. Differences in steroid hormone concentrations were considered clinically significant when the probability of a Type I error was less than 0.05. Results and discussion Total

testosterone levels tend to decline as men age [7]. Given that natural 5α-reductase/aromatase inhibitors, such as AX, may increase serum testosterone [9,18,19], we set out to determine if Resettin® was capable of increasing serum testosterone levels in sedentary men. To that end, a randomized controlled clinical dose comparison study of Resettin® was completed. Body weight, blood pressure, and tolerance The average baseline body weight of participants within the 800 mg/day placebo and Resettin®/MyTosterone™ treatment groups

were 88.3 kg and 93 kg, respectively. The average baseline body weight of participants within 1200 mg/day placebo and Resettin®/MyTosterone™ treatment VX-689 cost groups were 103.7 kg and 95.8 kg, respectively. Results indicated that there were no clinically significant changes in average Endonuclease body weight over the duration of the study. The average baseline systolic diastolic blood pressure ratios were 120 mmHg over 82 mmHg in the 800 mg/day placebo control group, 125 mmHg over 83 mmHg in the 800 mg/day Resettin®/MyTosterone™ treatment group, 122 mmHg over 82 mmHg in the 1200 mg/day placebo control group and 122 mmHg over 81 mmHg in the 1200 mg/day Resettin®/MyTosterone™ treatment group. No significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure were observed over the course of the study. Owing to the significant safety profile and tolerability of AX as well as the other constituent compounds of Resettin®, there were no reports of adverse side effects during the study.

LASP1 was initially identified in a cDNA library prepared from breast cancer metastases. The LASP1 protein includes three domains: an N-terminal LIM domain, a nebulin repeat domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain [27]. LASP1 is expressed at low basal levels in all normal human Selleckchem Capmatinib tissues, but is over-expressed in metastatic human breast cancer [28], ovarian cancer [29] and medulloblastoma [30]. Increased LASP1 expression could lead to a more aggressive breast carcinoma phenotype, and knocking down LASP1 may reduce the migratory capacity of breast cancer cells, possibly by influencing the localization of zyxin [29]. In our study, we identified the LASP1 transcript

as a target of miR-203 in TNBC cells and found that inhibition of TNBC cell migratory capacity was accompanied by a reduction in LASP1 expression. We also showed that repressing LASP1 expression by siRNA could significantly inhibit the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, implying that LASP1 played a positive role in TNBC cell migration. GDC-0941 datasheet Moreover, we demonstrated

that decreased LASP1 expression is essential for the miR-203-mediated inhibition of TNBC cell migration, showing that the over-expression of LASP1 could partially rescue the migration inhibition induced by miR-203 in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-203 could inhibit the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells by directly regulating the expression of BIRC5 and LASP1. Moreover, the activation of miR-203 may be a potentially useful novel strategy for inhibiting TNBC growth and metastasis. References 1. Jemal A, Bray F, I-BET-762 Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011, 61:69–90.PubMedCrossRef 2. Pillai RS, Bhattacharyya SN, Artus CG, Zoller T, Cougot N, Basyuk E, Bertrand E, Filipowicz W: Inhibition

Glutamate dehydrogenase of translational initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in human cells. Science 2005, 309:1573–1576.PubMedCrossRef 3. Pillai RS: MicroRNA function: multiple mechanisms for a tiny RNA? RNA 2005, 11:1753–1761.PubMedCrossRef 4. Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yendamuri S, Shimizu M, Rattan S, Bullrich F, Negrini M, Croce CM: Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004, 101:2999–3004.PubMedCrossRef 5. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005, 435:834–838.PubMedCrossRef 6. Engels BM, Hutvagner G: Principles and effects of microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation. Oncogene 2006, 25:6163–6169.PubMedCrossRef 7. Bartel DP, Chen CZ: Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Nat Rev Genet 2004, 5:396–400.PubMedCrossRef 8.

Overall, the data point to the possibility that the aerobactin transport system participates in the maintenance of the bacteria within the anaerobic environment of the gut. Therefore, this iron transport system in E. coli O104:H4 becomes an important “fitness” determinant, as in the utilization of ferric iron, it confers a competitive advantage to this and other pathogenic bacteria over Regorafenib purchase those organisms that do not possess this transport system. Although the mouse model

does not accurately reflect the intestinal infection or complications seen in humans infected with EAEC, STEC or E. coli O104:H4, it still remains a relatively practical way to investigate the pathogenesis of E. coli strains, especially when compared to more resource-consuming animal models of EAEC/STEC infection, such as the gnotobiotic piglet [33, 34] and the rabbit [35, 36]. Previous studies have shown that an EAEC O104:H4 strain 55989Str can colonize the streptomycin-treated mouse gut extensively for at least 3 weeks [37]. Even though no check details sign of disease was evident in the infected animals, the same model was recently used to study the replication of three bacteriophages specific for an EAEC O104:H4 strain, and the mouse intestinal samples enabled the investigators to examine the long-term dynamic interactions between bacteriophages and bacteria within a mammalian host [38]. In the case of STEC, the mouse model

has been developed and used to monitor STEC disease and pathology, as well as the impact of Stx in the promotion of intestinal colonization [39]. In our case, the incorporation of BLI analysis proved a useful tool in facilitating the development of an E. coli O104:H4 pathogenesis model, as it significantly reduced the number of animals required to identify the intestinal site of E. coli O104:H4 persistence and Erythromycin colonization. Although the lux-encoded

plasmid system that we utilized failed to monitor the infection beyond 7 days and the signal decreased significantly with ex vivo intestines, as previously reported [19], it proved to be a useful way of quantifying colonization of this strain while lacking experimental information about putative pathogenic genes. Currently, we are improving our reporter E. coli O104:H4 strain by mobilizing a constitutively expressed lux operon into its chromosome, providing a stable system that can be used to monitor intestinal colonization and persistence properties for an extended period of time. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that bioluminescent imaging is a useful tool to monitor E. coli O104:H4 colonization properties and present the murine model as a rapid means of evaluating the selleck screening library bacterial factors associated with fitness and/or colonization during E. coli O104:H4 infections. Methods Bacterial strains and mutant construction All strains used in this study are derivatives of the E. coli O104:H4 strain C3493, isolated from a stool sample of a patient with HUS during the 2011 E.

95 to 3.74 L/h). However, these differences were not statistically different and could have been due to high variability

in individual Ae24h values (range 0.685–12.0%; CV 81.4%) compared with AUC24h on day 5 (range 197–351 ng · h/mL; CV 19.3%). Drug-Drug Interaction with Methotrexate (Study 2) GLPG0259 and methotrexate plasma concentration–time data are plotted in figure 3, and GLPG0259 and methotrexate pharmacokinetic parameters with summary statistical analyses are presented in table IV. Regarding GLPG0259, co-administration of methotrexate 7.5 mg did not significantly alter the rate and extent of absorption of GLPG0259, with point estimates for Cmax and AUC24h of 102.67% and 102.11%, respectively. Although the t1/2,λz of GLPG0259 could be estimated on one occasion only, there was no modification of the elimination, as shown by the superimposable Tipifarnib in vivo elimination phases with or without methotrexate in figure 3. It must be noted that even if the study was not powered to analyze the influence PLX4032 clinical trial of methotrexate on GLPG0259 pharmacokinetics, using the 90% CI approach, the intervals were narrow and their boundaries fell within the 80–125% buy Dibutyryl-cAMP bioequivalence range for both Cmax and AUC24h (table IV). These results are explained by the low/moderate within-subject variability in GLPG0259 pharmacokinetics (<20%) and suggest that

a sample size of 12 subjects would be sufficient to show bioequivalence between two treatments. Table IV Summary statistics for GLPG0259 and methotrexate pharmacokinetic parameters (n = 6) Fig. 3 Mean (± standard error of the mean) plasma concentrations

of (a) GLPG0259 and (b) methotrexate after administration of each drug alone or in combination to fed healthy subjects (n = 6). The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of methotrexate observed in this study were in agreement with those reported previously for the methotrexate 7.5 mg dose.[14,15] When methotrexate was co-administered with GLPG0259 50 mg, the rate of absorption of methotrexate was slightly but not statistically significantly decreased, with a point estimate for Cmax of 89.63% (figure 3, table IV). The extent of absorption (AUC∞) and the elimination (t1/2,λz) of methotrexate were not affected by GLPG0259, and their point estimates were 118.22% and 110.64%, respectively. Bioavailability and Food Interaction Studies (Studies 1, 3, and 4) As 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase shown in figure 4a, food did not have an impact on the rate and extent of absorption of GLPG0259 given as 100 mg of free-base oral solution, with a Cmax of 31.8 ng/mL (versus 31.0 ng/mL in the fasted state) and an AUC24h of 562 ng · h/mL (versus 572 ng · h/mL in the fasted state) [table V], and corresponding point estimates of 89.67% (90% CI 74.71, 107.61) and 100.42% (90% CI 83.46, 120.83), respectively (table VI). Table V GLPG0259 pharmacokinetic parameters after a single oral dose of GLPG0259 given as various oral formulations to fasted or fed healthy subjects (n = 6 or 12 per formulation) Table VI Table VI.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and

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protein alter energy dissipation and state transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Photosynth Res 47(2):131–144. doi:10.​1007/​BF00016176 CrossRef Campbell D, Hurry V, Clarke AK, Gustafsson P, Öquist G (1998) Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of cyanobacterial photosynthesis and acclimation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(3):667–683PubMed Ernst A, Becker S, Wollenzien UIA, Postius C (2003) Ecosystem-dependent adaptive radiations of picocyanobacteria inferred from 16S rRNA and ITS-1 sequence analysis. Microbiol 149(1):217–228. doi:10.​1099/​mic.​0.​25475-0 CrossRef Ficek D, Kaczmarek S, Ston-Egiert J, Wozniak B, Majchrowski R, Dera J (2004) Spectra of light absorption by phytoplankton pigments in the Baltic; conclusions to be drawn from a Gaussian analysis of empirical data.