The hypodiploid sub-population

in sub-G1/G0 phase was regarded as apoptotic cells and the percentages of these cells were calculated using the BD™ FACS Diva software v.6.1.2. Immunohistochemistry of cell lines and patient samples Formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded cell blocks of H157, selleck chemicals llc H838 and BEAS-2B cells and paraffin wax embedded sections from 140 samples of NSCLC were stained for UCHL-1 expression. Briefly, sections were pre-treated in a 750 W microwave oven (0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0) for 22 minutes, cooled rapidly, washed in Tris-buffered Saline and were incubated in mouse anti-UCHL-1 (NCL-PGP9.5, 1:100; Novocastra, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK) overnight at 4°C. Localisation was achieved using Envision peroxidise kit as recommended by the manufacturer (Dako, Ely, UK). All sections were counterstained in Meyer’s haematoxylin. Immunoreactivity was assessed by two observers and percentage positive agreed. A cut-off value of 10% was used for UCH-L1 results. Selected sections were incubated with mouse immunoglobulin as negative controls. All tissues were used under regional ethical permission

(ORECNI, 08/NIR03/73) and sourced from the Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, ISU Abxis Co (Cepheid, Stretton, UK) and US Biomax Inc (Insight Biotechnology Ltd, Wembley, UK). Analysis of UCH-L1 expression and NSCLC patient survival in publicaly available datasets Three relevant O-methylated flavonoid publicaly available lung cancer datasets (GSE13213, GSE3141 and GSE13213) which click here contained whole-genome profiles and associated OICR-9429 mw patient outcome data were identified in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database repository. GSE13213 consisted of whole-genome expression profiles of 117 adenocarcinoma samples with the associated outcome data of “”days survival”". GSE3141 consisted of 111 primary lung tumour samples with associated survival data stated in “”months survival”" and GSE8894 contained gene

expression profiles from primary tumours from 138 lung cancer patients with associated “”recurrence free survival (months)”" outcome data. Expression profiles for GSE13212 were generated using the Agilent-014850 Whole Human Genome Microarray 4 × 44 K G4112F platform which contains 1 probe for the UCH-L1 gene (A_23P132956). For both GSE3141 and GSE8894 datasets, gene expression profiles were generated using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array which contains 2 probesets for the UCH-L1 gene (1555834_at, 201387_s_at). The Series Matrix files were downloaded from GEO for all 3 datasets. Normalized expression data and associated outcome data were imported into the Partek Genomics Suite (Partek Inc, St Louis, MO). Patients were separated into quartiles based on expression levels of the UCH-L1 gene for each dataset.

Such groups included members of the Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Association of Medical Research Charities and staff from the

Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and The Wellcome Trust. Hard copies of flyers advertising the study and inviting participation were handed out directly to people attending the Royal Society Festival of Science, the Cheltenham Science Festival and at various AZD1390 genetics conferences the DDD team attended. They were also given directly to NHS Selleck Cilengitide professional recruiting into the molecular studies part of the DDD project. Such staff could also give these directly to patients attending clinic.   3. Social media AM worked with a Social Media Consultant to build the strategy for recruitment. The strategy involved the creation of an online infrastructure which comprised: Creating a brand and title: the word ‘Genomethics’ was invented—to represent

the movement of the ‘genethics’ era (work on ethics and genetics) into the genomics era. One image was bought that symbolised the work; this was selected because it was considered user friendly enough to appeal to multiple audiences—a child playing with a DNA model. The image together with the title ‘Genomethics’ appeared on all the social media fora. A Facebook page was created called ‘Genomethics Survey’ (https://​www.​facebook.​com/​Genomethics). This offered a platform to disseminate the survey and create a list of followers who could do the same. A Twitter account was created: @Genomethics. This was used as a platform to enable participation in current debate about see more issues relating to genomics. It was also used as a tool to signpost potential participants

to the survey. A ‘Genomethics’ website was created (www.​genomethics.​org) that contained information about the study and the survey. This was hosted at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. A website for AM containing details of her CV and work on the genomethics study was created. This was to give credibility to the research, but in a ‘friendly’, ‘approachable’ way in-line with other social media mannerisms. This was constructed using www.​wix.​com (see www.​annamiddleton.​info). A LinkedIn profile was created for AM, containing the Genomethics brand image, plus CV details for AM. The of purpose of this was to use professional networks to increase traffic to the survey. A Facebook ‘like’ button was added to the survey and so too was a Twitter share button so that participants could make their followers aware of the research.   All of the above media were used to create a robust infrastructure that could be used in multiple ways to advertise the survey and invite participation. This was specifically done using the following mechanisms. Blogging The strategy focussed around the provision of blog posts that would opportunistically bring potential participants to the survey.

J Exp Med 1997, 185:1759–1768.PubMed 107. Hasko G, Kuhel DG, Marton A, Nemeth ZH, Deitch EA, Szabo C: Spermine differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin-10 and suppresses the release of the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-gamma. Shock 2000, 14:144–149.PubMed 108. Bowlin TL, McKown BJ, Sunkara PS: The effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, on mitogen-induced interleukin 2 production. Immunopharmacology A-1210477 in vitro 1987, 13:143–147.PubMed 109. Chamaillard L, Quemener V, Havouis R, Moulinoux JP: Polyamine deprivation

stimulates natural killer cell activity in cancerous mice. Anticancer Res 1993, 13:1027–1033.PubMed 110. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B: An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975, 72:3666–3670.PubMed 111. Wacholtz MC, Patel SS, Lipsky PE: Leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 is an activation molecule for human T cells. J Exp Med 1989, 170:431–448.PubMed 112. Ferrini S, Sforzini S, Cambiaggi A, Poggi A, Meazza R, Canevari S, Colnaghi MI, Moretta L: The see more LFA-1/ICAM cell selleck chemical adhesion pathway is involved in tumor-cell lysis mediated by bispecific monoclonal-antibody-targeted T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 1994, 56:846–852.PubMed 113. Sarhan S, Weibel M, Seiler N: Effect of polyamine deprivation on the survival of intracranial glioblastoma bearing rats. Anticancer Res

1991, 11:987–992.PubMed 114. Seiler N, Sarhan S, Grauffel C, Jones R, Knodgen B, Moulinoux JP: Endogenous and exogenous polyamines in support of tumor growth. Cancer Res 1990, 50:5077–5083.PubMed 115. Cipolla BG, Havouis R, Moulinoux JP: Polyamine reduced diet (PRD) nutrition therapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2010, 64:363–368.PubMed 116. Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S, Liebeskind JC: The role of LGL/NK cells in surgery-induced promotion of metastasis and its attenuation by morphine. Brain Behav Immun 1994, 8:241–250.PubMed 117. Pollock RE, Babcock PD184352 (CI-1040) GF, Romsdahl MM, Nishioka K: Surgical stress-mediated suppression of murine natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1984, 44:3888–3891.PubMed 118. Hattori T, Hamai Y, Harada T, Ikeda H, Ikeda T: Enhancing effect of thoracotomy and/or laparotomy on the development of the lung metastases in rats after intravenous inoculation of tumor cells. Jpn J Surg 1977, 7:263–268.PubMed 119. Tsukamoto T, Kinoshita H, Hirohashi K, Kubo S, Otani S: Human erythrocyte polyamine levels after partial hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 1997, 44:744–750.PubMed 120. Aziz SM, Gillespie MN, Crooks PA, Tofiq SF, Tsuboi CP, Olson JW, Gosland MP: The potential of a novel polyamine transport inhibitor in cancer chemotherapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996, 278:185–192.PubMed 121.

For Trachymyrmex p38 kinase assay species with predominantly serine proteinase activity we plotted the average profile for Trachymyrmex sp3 (Trsp3-3) and Trachymyrmex cf. zeteki (Trzet3), which were very similar. As representatives of the basal

higher attine and leaf-cutting ant symbionts with predominantly metalloproteinase activity we plotted gardens of colonies Trcor10 and Acech322 as gardens of other colonies with this symbiont displayed very similar profiles. The phylogenetic tree is based on the LSU rRNA and Elongation Factor 1-alpha genes, except for samples 20 and 23 for which only the LSU gene could be sequenced. Only aLRT (approximate likelihood ratio test) support values > 0.5 are given. The pH optimum of total proteinase activity in the gardens reared by lower attines averaged 6.0 ± 0.11, while the peak of proteinase activity in basal higher attines and leaf-cutting ants colonies was closer to the pH levels (ca. VS-4718 5) in the fungus gardens (Figure 3; Table 1) (t36 = 9.3, p < 0.001), as one would expect when the higher attine fungus gardens would have become adapted to growing under more find more acidic conditions. However, in three of the four clades of higher attine and leaf-cutting symbionts, the total proteinases activity profiles between pH 5 and 7 were remarkably flat, as serine

proteinases became increasingly active at higher pHs (Figures 2 and 3). For example, the serine proteinases in Sericomyrmex amabilis colonies were most active at pH conditions of 7.0 ± 0.05, similar to lower attine gardens (7.0 ± 0.09) where serine proteinase activity is rarely seen, whereas an additional peak of serine proteinase activity at pH 5.2 ± 0.11 (different from the 7.0 mean above: t6 = 17.0, p < 0.001) was observed for the symbionts of Trachymyrmex

sp3 and T. cf. zeteki, but not for Sericomyrmex symbionts (Figures 2 and 3 and Table 1). Similar patterns were observed for metalloproteinases. The relatively low amounts produced in the symbionts of lower attine ants were most active under slightly acidic pH conditions (6.0 ± 0.11) and shifts towards more acidic optima were detected for the symbionts of Trachymyrmex cornetzi (5.6 ± 0.09) (t4 = 3.45, p = 0.026) and the leaf-cutting ants mutualists (5.2 ± 0.08) (t6 = 10.0, p < 0.001) (Figures 2 and 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl 3 and Table 1). Figure 3 The class-specific pH optima for serine (vertical axis) and metalloproteinases (horizontal axis) for the fungus gardens in Table 1 for which both pH optima could be measured from the same samples. The vertical axis is interrupted to allow the pH-optimum to be plotted for metalloproteinase activity in gardens where serine proteinase activity could not be measured. The overall pattern indicates that pH optima for metalloproteinases are always between ca. 5 and 6, whereas serine proteinase pH optima tend to fall between 7 and 8. All values are means ± SEMs. Dotted lines connect observations for the same species. See Table 1 for details.

In several independent studies, it was demonstrated that reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 are key players and crucial in the regulation of cell differentiation in microbial eukaryotes [32, 33]. In accordance with this, it was demonstrated that NADPH oxidases which generate reactive oxygen are decisive in fungal cell differentiation and growth in a model system using Neurospora crassa [34]. Taken together, these results not only reinforce the hypothesis that H2O2 can induce DON biosynthesis but also suggest that DON accumulation induced by sub lethal triazole application learn more is mediated through

an increased production or release of H2O2 into the medium rendering a physiological

interface of H2O2 influencing DON production. It is tempting to PI3K inhibitor speculate on the mechanistics behind these observations. We hypothesize that due to the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by the application of triazole fungicides, an increased cell permeability results in the CUDC-907 price increased release of H2O2 in the medium which in turns activates the trichothecene biosynthesis machinery. Indeed, although H2O2 is a very reactive molecule which can diffuse freely across bio membranes, it has been shown in a Sacharomyces model system that organisms prevent H2O2 diffusion [35, 36]. This hypothesis is subscribed by accumulating indirect evidence in many other fungi. As such in Candida ergosterol depletion increases vulnerability to phagocytic oxidative damage [37]. In Sacharomyces it was demonstrated using ergosterol knock out mutants that ergosterol depletion results in a changed biophysical property of the plasma membrane leading to an increased permeability towards H2O2[38]. Although beyond the scope of the present paper it is important to notice that triazole fungicides on their own can generate H2O2 in planta as an intermediate

metabolite in plants through activation of antioxidant systems [39] generating as such a greening effect which results in a retardation of the senescence [40]. Nitroxoline The effect of this physiological induced H2O2 in planta on DON production by an invading F. graminearum is till now not studied and certainly needs more attention in the future. Conclusions In the present work it was shown that sub lethal prothioconazole concentrations resulted in a significant increase in DON production by F. graminearum in a combined approach of an in vitro assay and an artificial infection trial. In the in vitro assay, the stimulated DON production was preceded by a prompt induction of H2O2 suggesting that the proliferated DON production was induced by an oxidative stress response in the fungus.

coli rather than dual-species mixtures were used to study changes in transcription profile of E. coli due to cell separation. To this end, pure cultures of E. coli were processed using the same CAL-101 manufacturer procedure used for dual-species biofilm treatment, including cell dispersion and IMS. Differentially expressed genes were identified based on fold-change and statistical significance compared to the control (Figure 3) [24]. Only 10 and 45 of the 4,289 ORFs exhibited differential expression in two independent microarray studies

I and II, respectively (each microarray study was performed with two technical replicates of microarray slides and each microarray slide had three built-in replicates). A complete list of the differentially expressed genes is provided in Additional File 1: Full list of genes differentially Crenigacestat concentration expressed in sorted E. coli cells. Only eight of these genes showed consistent changes in both of the independent microarray studies (Table 1), with three genes up-regulated and five genes down-regulated in sorted E. coli cells in comparison

to unsorted E. coli cells. The selleck chemicals fold-change of gene expression ranged from 2.7 to -4.6 (Table 1). Differential expression of the eight genes in sorted and unsorted E. coli cells, as identified by the cDNA microarray analysis, was verified with qPCR using the 16S rRNA gene as a housekeeping gene. Seven out of the eight genes showed the same trend of differential expression (up-regulated or down-regulated in sorted cells) as revealed by the cDNA microarray analysis (Table 1). Moreover, the qPCR results indicated that five out of the eight genes exhibited less than two-fold change in sorted/unsorted cells. It suggested that the actual number of genes affected by the performance of IMS

sorting may be even less than eight. It further confirmed the effectiveness in preserving the transcriptome of E. coli cells by the method developed in this study. Figure 3 Plot of gene expression of Etomidate sorted/unsorted cells. Plot of one-sample T-test p-values with fold-change in gene expression for all ORFs in microarray study I. Vertical lines show the cutoff of fold-change of 2 (Log2 ratio of ± 1), while the horizontal line shows the cutoff of p-value 0.05. Genes located in the left-bottom corner (Log2 ratio <-1 and p-value <0.05) and in the right-bottom corner (Log2 ratio >1 and p-value <0.05) were considered to have their expressions changed due to dispersion/homogenization and IMS (immuno-magnetic separation) cell sorting. A total of ten genes were selected using these criteria, eight of which also differentially expressed in the independent microarray study II. Table 1 Genes identified as differentially expressed# between IMS sorted E. coli cells versus unsorted E.

genomes, and less than 50% of similarity

with non-mycobacterial genomes, are shown. Mycobacterial molecular target design Among the 11 selected mycobacterial proteins, protein alignments revealed that the ATP synthase BIBW2992 molecular weight subunit C (locus Rv1305), the oxidoreductase (locus Rv0197), and the small secreted protein (locus Rv0236A), are the less polymorphous among the 14 NTM species studied (Additional file 2) and even absent in other bacteria genus and thus seemed very promising for primers and probes design. The remaining 8 proteins that were selected, namely ATP synthase subunit A, CMAS coded by the cmaA1 gene, lipoprotein coding by lppM gene, as well as PE, PPE and proteins coded by esx genes esxG, esxH and esxR, were highly conserved in studies MTC species (tuberculosis and bovis) but very polymorphous in the 14 NTM species studied (Additional file 1), which did not allow us to design specific mycobacterial primers and probes, according to the rules of primer and probe design (Additional file 3). DNA sequence alignment of the oxidoreductase and of the small secreted protein did not allow design of

PCR primers with a minimal length of check details 18 oligonucleotides (Additional file 3). Only the DNA sequence alignment of the ATP synthase subunits C allowed designing a PCR primer pair and a probe. We designed the following primers and probe: forward primer FatpE 5′-CGGYGCCGGTATCGGYGA-3′ (Tm = 62°C), with the probe PatpE 5′-ACSGTGATGAAGAACGGBGTRAA-3′ (Tm = 68°C) which might be hydrolyzed by the reverse primer RatpE 5′-CGAAGACGAACARSGCCAT-3′ (Tm = 59°C, 182 bp). Real-time PCR validation Based on standard curve comparisons, our results showed reproducible amplification signals with similar Ct values for each genome equivalents of tested mycobacterial strains: M. avium, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare, M. gordonae, and M. chelonae (Table 2). Detection limit was estimated at about 6 Ponatinib solubility dmso genome equivalents

for M. chelonae by real-time PCR reaction by testing repetition of dilution limits (i.e. EC95 value: more than 95% of positive detection for these genome concentration) whereas quantification limits were estimated at about 100 genome equivalents. In the positive collection all 31 mycobacteria species were positively detected by the real-time PCR selleckchem method. This collection includes NTM species, leprae species and MTC species as tuberculosis and bovis (Table 3). None of the non-mycobacterial environmental strains and none of the CNM collection strains [17], were detected before the end of the 40 PCR cycles (Table 3). These results indicate a sensibility of 100% (31/31) and a specificity of 100% (0/30). Table 2 Characteristics of Mycobacterium avium , M. fortuitum , M. intracellulare , and M. chelonae DNA amplification using real-time PCR targeting atpE gene (locus Rv1305 in M. tuberculosis genome) Real-time PCR characteristics M. avium M. fortuitum M. intracellulare M. gordonae M. chelonae Correlation coefficient r 2 (%) 93.4 97.

Materials Science and Engeering B 2008, 151:179–186.CrossRef 21. Loferski JJ: Theoretical considerations covering the choice of the optimum semiconductor for photovoltaic solar energy conversion. J Appl Phys 1956, 27:777–784.CrossRef 22. Scherrer P: Bestimmung der Größe und der inneren Struktur von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen. Göttinger Nachrichten 1918, 2:98–100. 23. Brus LE: A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites. J Chem Phys 1983, 79:5566–5571.CrossRef 24. Giessen H, Flugel B, Mohs G, Peyghambarian Nsprague JR, Micic OI, Nozik AJ: Observation of the quantm confined

ground state in InP quantum dots at 300K. Appl Phys Ltt 1996, 68:304–306.CrossRef 25. Usui H, Abe S, Ohnuma S: InSb/Al-O nanogranular films prepared by RF Sputtering. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:20589–20593.CrossRef 26. Zhu K, Shi J, Zhang L: Preparation and optical absorption of InSb microcrystallites learn more embedded in SiO 2 thin films. Solid State Commun 1998, 107:79–84.CrossRef Competing interests The author declares that there are no competing interests.”
“Background

Silicon nanocrystallites (Si-ncs) attract considerable Neuronal Signaling inhibitor interest due to Selleck HDAC inhibitor a significant transformation of optical and electrical properties in materials that contain them. These changes are caused by the quantum confinement effect [1–3]. Light-emitting Si-ncs embedded in dielectric hosts have potential applications in optoelectronic devices because of their compatibility with the existing manufacturing infrastructure for silicon integrated circuits. Among different dielectric materials, silicon oxide is the most addressed as a host for Si-ncs [4, 5]. During the last decades, the properties of Si-nc-SiO2 systems have been widely investigated. Bright luminescence in a wide spectral range at room temperature originates from recombination of excitons in Si-ncs; the variation of their sizes allows tuning of the emission wavelength from the blue to the near infrared [3–6].

In addition to the attractive photoluminescence property, these materials can be used for a new generation of solar cells [7]. Furthermore, Si-ncs embedded in dielectric matrices have regained interest as candidates for non-volatile memory applications [8]. However, because Ribonuclease T1 of the downscaling of microelectronic devices, silicon oxide met its limit as a gate material due to high leakage current. In this regard, high-k dielectrics such as ZrO2, HfO2, and Al2O3 are considered as promising gate dielectrics due to the lower equivalent oxide thickness. Also, Si-ncs embedded in such high-k host offer a wider application for non-volatile memories due to the higher performance of the corresponding devices [9, 10]. From the photonic application viewpoint, Al2O3 is an interesting host material for optical communication. The relatively higher refractive index of Al2O3 (1.73 at 1.95 eV) in comparison with that of SiO2 (1.46 at 1.

Meanwhile, anatase-rutile mixed-phase TiO2 nanofibers obtained by increasing sintering temperature and very thin ZnO compact layers deposited by ALD method were first adopted

in the TiO2 nanofiber DSSC fabrication to further improve photocurrent and conversion efficiency. Combining the above two steps, a short-circuit current density of 17.3 mAcm−2 and a conversion efficiency of 8.01% were achieved for the DSSC using approximately 40-μm-thick TiO2 nanofiber film as photoanode. Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) were used to investigate the dynamic response AZD3965 solubility dmso of charge transfer and recombination in TiO2 nanofiber DSSCs. Methods TiO2 nanofiber synthesis The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated using electrospinning technique. Typically, the precursor solution for electrospinning was made from 0.45 g of PVP (with a molecular weight of 1,300,000; Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, PLX-4720 molecular weight St. Louis, MO, USA), 7 ml of ethanol, 2 ml of acetic acid, and 1 g of titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Sigma-Aldrich). In a typical electrospinning procedure, the precursor

solution was loaded into a syringe equipped with a 24 gauge silver-coated needle. The needle was connected to a high-voltage power supply. The electric voltage of 16 kV was applied between the metal orifice and the Al collector at a distance of 10 cm. The spinning rate was controlled by the syringe pump at 60 μl min−1. After the electrospinning procedure, the PVP-TiO2 fiber composite films were then heated at a rate of 4°C min−1 up to 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, and 700°C, respectively, and then sintered at this temperature for 2 h to obtain pure TiO2-based nanofibers. Preparation of ultrathin ZnO blocking layers by ALD method ZnO layers were deposited on

FTO-coated glass substrates (25 Ω/sq) by ALD method. FTO glass plates were first cleaned in a detergent solution using an ultrasonic bath for 15 min and were then rinsed with water and ethanol. Diethylzinc (DEZ; Zn(C2H5)2) and deionized water were used as precursors for ZnO selleck deposition on the cleaned FTO plates. Pure N2 gas (99.999%) was used to carry and purge gas. The reaction was carried out as follows: (1) pentoxifylline Before deposition, the reaction chamber was pumped down from 1 to 2 Torr. The operating environment of ZnO deposition was maintained at 3 Torr and 200°C. Each deposition cycle consisted of four steps, which included DEZ reactant, N2 purge, H2O reactant, and N2 purge. The typical pulse time for introducing DEZ and H2O precursors was 0.5 s, and the purge time of N2 was 10 s. The deposition rate of ZnO film at the above conditions approached 0.182 nm/cycle. Thus, the deposition cycles of 22, 55, 83, and 110 were chosen to produce ZnO layers with thicknesses of 4, 10, 15, and 20 nm.

Mater Lett 2012, 72:25–28.CrossRef 25. Xu C, Lee J-H, Lee J-C, Kim B-S, Hwang SW, Whang #BKM120 research buy randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# D: Electrochemical growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays on oxidized bi-layer graphene electrode. Cryst Eng Comm 2011,13(20):6036–6039.CrossRef 26. Sugunan A, Warad HC, Boman M, Dutta J: Zinc oxide nanowires in chemical bath on seeded substrates: role of hexamine. J Sol–gel Sci Techn 2006,39(1):49–56.CrossRef 27. Rusli NI, Tanikawa M, Mahmood MR, Yasui K, Hashim AM: Growth of high-density zinc oxide nanorods

on porous silicon by thermal evaporation. Materials 2012,5(12):2817–2832.CrossRef 28. Tan ST, Sun XW, Yu ZG, Wu P, Lo GQ, Kwong DL: p-type conduction in unintentional carbon-doped ZnO thin films. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 91:072101.CrossRef 29. Balucani M, Nenzi P, Chubenko E, Klyshko A, Bondarenko V: Electrochemical and hydrothermal deposition of ZnO on silicon: from continuous films to nanocrystals. J Nanopart Res 2011,13(11):5985–5997.CrossRef 30. Hassan NK, Hashim MR, Mahdi MA, Allam NK: A catalyst-free growth of ZnO nanowires on Si (100) substrates: effect of substrate position on morphological, structural and optical properties. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 2012,1(2):86-P89.CrossRef

31. Hassan NK, Hashim MR, Al-Douri Y, Al-Heuseen K: Current dependence growth of ZnO nanostructures Selleckchem LEE011 by electrochemical deposition technique. Int J Electrochem Sci 2012, 7:4625–4635. 32. Liu Z, Ya J, Xin Y, LE : Growth of ZnO nanorods by aqueous solution method with electrodeposited ZnO seed layers. Appl Surf Sci 2009,255(12):6415–6420.CrossRef 33. Mahmood K, Park SB, Sung HJ: Enhanced

photoluminescence, Raman spectra and field-emission Glutamate dehydrogenase behavior of indium-doped ZnO nanostructures. J Mater Chem C 2013,1(18):3138–3149.CrossRef 34. Amin G, Asif MH, Zainelabdin A, Zaman S, Nur O, Willander M: Influence of pH, precursor concentration, growth time, and temperature on the morphology of ZnO nanostructures grown by the hydrothermal method. J Nanomater 2011, 2011:1–9.CrossRef 35. Xu S, Wang ZL: One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: solution growth and functional properties. Nano Res 2011,4(11):1013–1098.CrossRef 36. Zhang RH, Slamovich EB, Handwerker CA: Controlling growth rate anisotropy for formation of continuous ZnO thin films from seeded substrates. Nanotechnology 2013,24(19):195603.CrossRef 37. Baruah S, Dutta J: Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2009,10(1):013001.CrossRef 38. Ul Hasan K: Graphene and ZnO Nanostructures for Nano-Optoelectronic & Biosensing Applications. Linköping University Electronic Press: Doctoral Thesis, Linköping University; 2012. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NSAA designed and performed the experiments, participated in the characterization and data analysis of FESEM, EDX, XRD, and PL, and prepared the manuscript. MRM participated in the PL characterization. KY participated in the XRD characterization and revision of the manuscript.