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Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. LMW – Protein Molecular Weight Marker. The position of the band corresponding to Lmo1438 is indicated by an arrow. To examine whether higher levels of Lmo1438 production could be achieved by changing the conditions of nisin induction and/or culture growth, L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438 was grown with increasing concentrations of nisin (i.e. 30 μg/ml and 45 μg/ml), and in medium supplemented with activated charcoal, which positively regulates the hly promoter driving the transcription of nisRK INCB018424 in vitro [17]. In spite of these changes in the induction conditions (tested alone and in combination), no increase in the level

of Lmo1438 production was observed. Since an increase in nisin concentration above 15 μg/ml had no further effect on Lmo1438 production in L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438, and this concentration did not affect the growth of control strain L. monocytogenes pAKB, it was decided to

use 15 μg/ml nisin in all subsequent physiological studies. Analysis of PBPs of the L. monocytogenes strain overexpressing gene lmo1438 To determine whether lmo1438 encodes PBP3, membrane proteins of L. monocytogenes pAKB and L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438 were incubated with [3H]benzylpenicillin, then separated by SDS-PAGE followed by fluorography to detect the labeled PBPs. This assay clearly demonstrated an increased level of PBP3 in L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438

(Figure 2). Densitometric analysis of PBPs produced by both strains revealed that the amount of PBP3 in L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438 LY2157299 was 3.5-fold greater than in L. monocytogenes pAKB (Table 1). This result proved that L. monocytogenes gene lmo1438 does indeed encode PBP3. Interestingly, L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438 also showed a small but significant increase in the expression of PBP4 compared with L. monocytogenes pAKB. This protein, encoded by gene lmo2229, was previously shown to have glycosyltransferase, transpeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities [18]. The expression of why PBP4 is directly regulated by the hpk1021-rrp1022 two-component system [19], which in turn is subject to regulation by the LisRK two-component system [15]. Both of these two-component systems play essential roles in regulating the structure of the L. monocytogenes cell envelope, but they are also involved in resistance to nisin, so it was unclear whether the elevated level of PBP4 observed in L. monocytogenes pAKB-lmo1438 was the consequence of nisin use or an effect of PBP3 overexpression. Therefore, an analysis of PBP proteins isolated from L. monocytogenes pAKB cultured with and without nisin was performed. This showed that the addition of nisin at a concentration of 15 μg/ml had no effect on the production of PBPs by the control strain (data not shown).