p. administration and restimulation with trAb in patients with PC. Patients and methods Objectives and study approval This study was designed as a sequential dose-escalating, feasibility study for compassionate use of trAb in the induction of tumor immunity. The study was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical practice guidelines. It was approved by the Ethics committee of the selleck Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to treatment. Patients Patients enrolled in this study had histologically confirmed diagnosis of PC. Inclusion

criteria were Karnofsky performance status ≥ 60%, white blood cell count > 2000/mm3 and a relative T-cell count > 10%. Exclusion criteria included prior immunotherapy, significant heart disease or arrhythmia,

known allergic reactions or XL184 supplier autoimmune disease, significant liver, kidney, pulmonary or haematological disease, acute or chronical infection and paracentesis of malignant ascites > 1000 ml within 30 days before treatment. Patients were included independent of any prior conventional therapy, i.e. chemotherapy, radiation or tumor surgery. An interval of more than 30 days between any chemotherapy and the start of the trAb therapy was required. A recovery interval of at least 7 days after abdominal surgery with laparotomy was mandatory. All patients had a surgical procedure (explorative laparotomy or laparoscopy, resection of intra-abdominal metastases), where isolation of autologous tumor samples was possible. Isolation and storage of autologous tumor cells Autologous tumor samples were taken during surgery (explorative laparotomy or laparoscopy, resection of intra-abdominal metastasis). The surgical procedure was independent from study inclusion. Patients were only included if more than 5 × 106 autologous tumor cells were successfully

isolated, and if EpCAM antigen or HER2/neu antigen was found on > 10% of all viable cells Sulfite dehydrogenase from autologous tumor cell preparations. Analysis of autologous tumor cells was performed by immunohistochemical APAAP staining [23] using the antibodies HO3 (anti-EpCAM; mouse IgG2a, TRION Pharma) or C215 (anti EpCAM; mouse IgG2a; kindly provided by M. Dohlsten, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) for EpCAM or 2502A (anti Her2/neu; mouse IgG2a; Trion Pharma, Munich, Germany) for HER2/neu. After surgical resection autologous tumor probes were dissected into 2–3 mm3 pieces which were then immersed in RPMI 1640 medium (containing 0.05% Collagenase type 4, 0.02% DNAse type 1, Penstrep, Gentamycin and Amphotericin B; all reagents from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California). This mixture was incubated overnight at 37°C and filtered through a flexible grid to exclude undigested tissue fragments.

The control

group was provided by cells incubated with 2 ml of 1640 medium alone. Afterwards cells were collected for further testing. mTOR signaling pathway Western blot 786-O cells and OS-RC-2 cells were lysed in radio-immunoprecipitation assay buffer and equal amounts of the protein extracts (30 μg per lane) were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were then transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA) for western blotting. The primary antibodies against NOTCH1 (activated Notch intracellular domain), HES-1 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), and β-actin (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Beijing, China) were incubated with

membranes overnight at 4°C. After 3 washes, for 15 min each, in Tris-buffered saline supplemented with 0.1% Tween 20, membranes were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse/rabbit IgG antibodies (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co. Beijing, China) for 1 h at room temperature. The bound anti-bodies were visualized by an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system using medical X-ray films. Comparative inhibition of proliferation analysis with CCK-8 assay Cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at approximately 8×104 in a volume of 100 μl/well. Wells were also prepared that contained AZD5153 known numbers of four kinds of cells to be used to create a calibration curve. To measure apoptosis, 10 μl of the CCK-8 solution (Dojindo, Japan) was carefully added to each well of the plate. The plate was incubated for 1–4 h in the incubator during which time the absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader at 30, 60, (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate and 90 min. Transwell assay for cell invasion Cell invasive ability was determined using the Transwell test kit (Corning, NY, USA). Briefly, matrigel was mixed with 1640 medium at a ratio of 1:7 and 100 μl was added to each upper-transwell then placed into the incubator for 1 hour for the mixture to set. Then, 786-O cells were

serum-starved for 12 h in pre-warmed 1640 media alone to eliminate the effects of serum. Twenty-four hours after the application of matrigel, 600 μl of 10% FBS solution was added to the lower transwell. The serum starved cells were resuspended to a density of 2.5×105 in 1640 solution without FBS in a final volume of 1 ml, with or without Marimastat or DAPT. From this, 100 μl was added to each transwell (2.5×104). After 48 h in the incubator, the transwell casters were purged into PBS to remove the non-adherent cells, and then submerged it in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min for fixation, and finally replaced in PBS. After the membrane was dried, cells were observed and counted under a microscope (400×).

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to exhibit a unique combination of properties that make them a material of choice for field electron emission (FEE) applications. Indeed, their low Z atomic number, unequalled aspect ratio (of up to?≥104), find more and high charge carrier mobility along with their mechanical strength and stiffness are highly attractive for a variety of applications, such

as cold cathode emitters for lighting devices (Cho et al. [1]; Bonard et al. [2]; Saito & Uemura [3]), field emission displays (Lee et al. [4]; Choi et al. [5]) and miniature X-ray sources (Jeong et al. [6]; Sugie et al. [7]; Yue et al. [8]). When used as electron emitters, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

are preferred to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), because of their metallic-like behavior and their multi-layered structure, which confers them higher resistance to degradation (by at least a factor of 10) (Bonard et al. [9]). In order to further enhance the FEE performance of MWCNTs, strategies are being developed to either increase their electron current density or, even better, reduce their associated threshold field (TF). In this context, researchers have proposed different selleck chemical approaches, including strategies to increase the aspect ratio of the nanotubes (Jo et al. [10]), to chemically functionalize them (Jha et al. [11]) or to tailor their growth sites through patterning techniques (Hazra et al. [12]). In particular, to reduce the threshold field and thereby the power consumption of the FEE devices, microfabrication techniques were often used and shown to be effective in reaching reasonably low TF values (in the 2 to 3 V/μm range) (Zhang et al. [13]; Sanborn et al. [14]; Choi et al. [5]). Such microfabrication-based Idoxuridine approaches,

though they enable precise microtailoring of the shape of emitting tips, are costly and involve relatively complex multi-step plasma processing. Previous studies have shown that the TF of CNTs is affected by the shape of the emitters (Chen et al. [15]; Futaba et al. [16]) and their surface density through the screening effect (Hazra et al. [12]; Pandey et al. [17]). By tailoring the emission sites as well as changing their density, it is possible to minimize this screening effect that can adversely affect the FEE properties of the CNT samples (Bonard et al. [18]). In the present paper, we report on a relatively simple, fast, efficient, and very cost-effective approach to achieve CNT-based cold cathodes exhibiting very low threshold fields. Our approach is based on a hierarchical structuring of the emitting cathode, which consists of a pyramidal texturing of a silicon surface by optimized KOH chemical etching followed by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) growth of MWCNTs on the Si pyramids.

4%) > OBR alone (11/23, 47.8%), p = 0.76** DST: resistant to INH and RIF HIV positive

and CD4 <300 cells/μL     Mortality  BDQ + OBR (2/23, 8.7%) vs OBR alone (2/24, 8.3%), P = 0.8. Onset of death: median 347 days [17]   Received antiretroviral therapy or antifungal therapy within the last 90 days         History of significant cardiac arrhythmia learn more         Drug hypersensitivity         Alcohol and drug abuse         Abnormal laboratory tests         Breast feeding or pregnancy       AG aminoglycosides, BDQ bedaquiline, BMI body mass index, DST drug susceptibility testing, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HR Hazard ratio, INH isoniazid, MDR multi-drug resistant, OBR optimized background regimen, RIF rifampicin, TB tuberculosis, XDR extensively drug resistant ** P value calculated using Pearson’s χ 2 test, from available data aCalculation based on modified intention to treat analysis The primary end point of this study, time to culture conversion at 8 weeks, was significantly shorter for patients taking bedaquiline than for those taking an OBR with placebo (hazard ratio [HR] 11.8 [2.3, 61.3], P = 0.0034), with adjustment for cavitation and study selleck kinase inhibitor center) [18]. In addition, patients taking bedaquiline

plus OBR had significantly greater proportion of culture conversion at 8 weeks compared to OBR plus placebo (47.6% versus 8.7%, respectively). Culture conversion at 24 weeks was also significantly greater among patients taking bedaquiline compared to OBR with placebo (81.0% versus 65.2%) [19], and time to culture conversion at 24 weeks was also shorter (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1, 4.7) [19]. When an intention to treat analysis was performed for all subjects up to 104 weeks, the rate of microbiological

conversion was not significantly different between the bedaquiline group and placebo (52.4% versus 47.8%, P = 0.76) [19]. This is due in part to the high drop-out rates seen in both arms (44% drop-out in the bedaquiline group and 54% in the placebo group). The study was not powered to detect relapse, although at the end of the study two members of the bedaquiline group and four members of the control many group had experienced treatment failure [17, 61]. The Second Phase 2 Study of Bedaquiline Data from a second Phase 2 study of the clinical effectiveness of bedaquiline (Study C208, Stage 2) have been presented in a public submission to the US FDA, although the results have not yet appeared in a peer-reviewed publication. This study enrolled 161 patients with MDR-TB, at 15 study sites in eight countries [17]. Patients were randomized either to 24 weeks of bedaquiline with a five-drug OBR or the OBR plus placebo. OBR was continued after stopping bedaquiline or placebo. The primary end point was time to sputum culture conversion at 24 weeks (Table 4) [15, 17]. The two groups were comparable.

Due to the patchiness of the forests, the subplots could not always be realized next to each other, but were selected as close to each other as possible PFT�� mouse in apparently homogeneous remnants of forests. The AM plots were visited six times from August 2003 until October 2005, and preferably in or just after the rainy season. Sampling Macrofungi

in all AR plots were recorded during 6 or 7 visits during a three and a half year-period (January 1998 to July 2001), while the AM plots were explored 5 or 6 times during 3 years (August 2003 to October 2005). Each plot was preferably visited in or just after the rainy season as it is well documented that this strongly benefits sporocarp production (Henkel et al. 2005). The sampling efforts took 2 weeks per visit on average. The following definitions were used: sporocarp is mushroom; collection represents the sporocarps of a species that are collected at a site at a time point, and that supposedly, represented a single ‘mycelium/individual’; record is the number of sporocarps of a species in a sample at a time point; sample is

the assemblage/community at a site/plot at a time point; productivity (=total abundance) is the total number of sporocarps of a species or of the assemblage/community at a site at a time point. During each visit a representative number of sporocarps of each morphological selleck inhibitor species was collected, photographed in situ when possible, packed in waxed paper, and transported in a basket for further processing. They were described and preserved according to protocols given by Largent (1986) and Lodge et al. (2004). Morphological identification of specimens was carried out with the Methocarbamol use of keys and, in some cases, in collaboration

with specialists. Throughout the studies we used the morphological species concept, which may provide an underestimation of the actual number of species present. Fungal nomenclature followed the 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). All specimens collected are preserved in herbarium HUA (Medellín, Colombia, Suppl. Table 1). In addition, the number of sporocarps, their habitat and substrates were recorded. The macrofungi were found to occur on nine substrates, namely soil, trunk (diameter >2.5 cm), twigs (diameter <2.5 cm), living trees, fallen leaves, fruit shell, trash produced by ants, termite nests, and insects. Data on plant diversity present in the AR and AR-PR sites were taken from Vester (1997; Vester and Cleef 1998) and Londoño and coworkers (1995, Londoño and Alvarez 1997), respectively. Because the above mentioned plant inventories were made some time ago, we performed a new inventory of the tree biodiversity in the Araracuara (except AR-PR), and the Amacayacu plots by listing the presence of trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) equal or thicker than 2.5 cm (Suppl. Table 2). Plant nomenclature followed Mabberley’s Plant Book (Mabberley 2008).

All authors made critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.”
“Background Expression

profiling can be used for selleckchem disease classification, predictions of clinical outcome or the molecular dissection of affected pathways in hereditary or acquired diseases. Animal models for human diseases facilitate cause-effect studies under controlled conditions and allow comparison with untreated or healthy individuals. Especially the latter can be an ethical or logistic problem in human medicine. More than 300 genetic human disorders are described in dogs http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​sites/​entrez. Many of these diseases occur in one or just a few of around 400 dog breeds. Single gene

diseases are easy to characterize in inbred dog populations, and research of complex diseases profits from the fact that dogs share the human environment. In addition to similarities between dogs and humans with respect to physiology, pathobiology, and treatment response, research of breed-related canine behaviour and phenotypic diversity is promising. Therefore dogs were advocated as a model animal in translational research [1]. Molecular genetic tools available for such comparable research between dogs and humans include the in-depth sequencing of the complete dog genome [2, 3], a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data base, containing 2.5 million SNPs [4], and easy access to genetic information of several generations of dogs. In addition, the high degree of inbreeding, this website which founded the present dog breeds the last few hundreds years, further facilitates the investigations in inheritable gene defects [5–7]. Dog specific micro-arrays are available to perform functional genomic studies. This kind of high-throughput gene expression profiling requires the use of high quality mRNA. Likewise is the quality of mRNA of major impact on the reliability of the results in quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR). So far the Dynein emphasis in canine molecular biology was put on the use of internal controls for proper Q-PCR measurements and subsequent data analysis [8–10]. However,

little information is available that compares different methods of retrieval, isolation and storage of canine tissues for molecular research purposes. Especially liver, but also heart and jejunum, are difficult tissues for retrieval of high quality mRNA [11]. Liver biopsies, taken for medical and research purposes, are processed for histopathology including immunohistochemistry and RNA and protein isolation. Since these diverse intentions require different fixation and storage methods, clinicians and researchers are often faced with a multitude of different vials, and fluids in order to retain biopsies. In addition, the applications of specific fixation protocols can be necessary, which might require additional training, time and sophisticated laboratory equipment.

Figure S8. – Hypersaline lake viruses methyltransferase phylogenetic (UniFrac) Poziotinib and taxonomic (Jaccard) hierarchical dissimilarity clusters. Figure S9. – Hypersaline lake viruses concanavalin A-like glucanases/lectins phylogenetic (UniFrac) and taxonomic (Jaccard) hierarchical dissimilarity clusters. Figure S10. – Subsurface bacteria phylogenetic

(UniFrac) and taxonomic (Jaccard) hierarchical dissimilarity clusters. Figure S11. – Substrate-associated soil fungi phylogenetic (UniFrac) and taxonomic (Jaccard) hierarchical dissimilarity clusters. (PDF 5 MB) References 1. Roesch LFW, Fulthorpe RR, Riva A, Casella G, Hadwin AKM, Kent AD, Daroub SH, Camargo FAO, Farmerie WG, Triplett EW: Pyrosequencing enumerates and contrasts soil microbial diversity. ISME J 2007, 1:283–290.PubMed 2. Fulthorpe MLN4924 datasheet RR, Roesch LFW, Riva A, Triplett EW: Distantly sampled soils carry few species in common. ISME J 2008, 2:901–910.PubMedCrossRef 3. Fierer N, McCain CM, Meir P, Zimmermann M, Rapp JM, Silman MR, Knight R: Microbes do not follow the elevational diversity patterns of plants and animals. Ecology 2011, 92:797–804.PubMedCrossRef 4. Shannon

CE: A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 1948, 27:379–423.CrossRef 5. Berger WH, Parker FL: Diversity of Planktonic Foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Science 1970, 168:1345–1347.PubMedCrossRef 6. Bent SJ, Forney LJ: The tragedy of the uncommon: understanding limitations in the analysis of microbial diversity. ISME J 2008, 2:689–695.PubMedCrossRef 7. Hill TCJ, Walsh KA, Harris JA, Moffett BF: Using ecological diversity measures with bacterial communities. Fenbendazole FEMS Microbiol

Ecol 2003, 43:1–11.PubMedCrossRef 8. Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC: Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fung Genet Biol 2000, 31:21–32.CrossRef 9. Rosselló-Mora R, Amann R: The species concept for prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2001, 25:39–67.PubMedCrossRef 10. Staley JT: The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006, 361:1899–1909.PubMedCrossRef 11. Mishler BD: Species are not uniquely real biological entities. In Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology. Edited by: Ayala FJ, Arp R. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010:110–122. 12. Tiedje JM, Asuming-Brempong S, Nüsslein K, Marsh TL, Flynn SJ: Opening the black box of soil microbial diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 1999, 13:109–122.CrossRef 13. Luo F, Yang Y, Zhong J, Gao H, Khan L, Thompson DK, Zhou J: Constructing gene co-expression networks and predicting functions of unknown genes by random matrix theory. BMC Bioinf 2007, 8:299.CrossRef 14. Horner-Devine MC, Lage M, Hughes JB, Bohannan BJM: A taxa-area relationship for bacteria. Nature 2004, 432:750–753.PubMedCrossRef 15. O’Brien HE, Parrent JL, Jackson JA, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R: Fungal community analysis by large-scale sequencing of environmental samples.

While further studies and validations are needed, we suggest that miRNA-106b might be used for predicting early metastasis after nephrectomy in clinical practice. If validated, this would represent a next step to better treatment decisions and, ultimately, buy SAHA HDAC improvement in the survival rate of RCC patients. Figure 4 Relapse-free survival of patients

with RCC based on the miR-106b expression levels (cutoff = median of miR-106b expression). Acknowledgements This work was supported by grant IGA NS/10361-3/2009 from the Czech Ministry of Health and Project MZ0MOU2005. References 1. Richie JP, Jonasch E, Kantoff PW: Renal Cell Carcinoma. In Holland-Frei Cancer CYC202 cost Medicine. 7th edition. Edited by: Kufe WD, Bast RC, Hait WN, et al. Hamilton (Canada), BC Decker; 2006:1401–1410. 2. Bukowski RM: Prognostic

factors for survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: update 2008. Cancer 2009, 115:2273–2281.PubMedCrossRef 3. Yan BC, Mackinnon AC, Al-Ahmadie HA: Recent developments in the pathology of renal tumors: morphology and molecular characteristics of select entities. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009, 133:102610–32. 4. Inui M, Martello G, Piccolo S: MicroRNA control of signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010,11(4):252–263.PubMed 5. Galasso M, Elena Sana M, Volinia S: Non-coding RNAs: a key to future personalized molecular therapy? Genome Med 2010,18(2(2)):12.CrossRef 6. Brown BD, Naldini L: Exploiting and antagonizing microRNA regulation for therapeutic and experimental applications. Nat Rev Genet 2009, 10:578–585.PubMedCrossRef 7. Bartels CL, Tsongalis GJ: MicroRNAs: novel biomarkers for human cancer. Clin Chem selleck chemicals llc 2009, 55:623–631.PubMedCrossRef 8. Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ: Oncomirs – microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6:259–269.PubMedCrossRef 9. Garzon R, Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNAs in Cancer.

Annu Rev Med 2009, 60:167–179.PubMedCrossRef 10. Garzon R, Fabbri M, Cimmino A, Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNA expression and function in cancer. Trends Mol Med 2006, 12:580–587.PubMedCrossRef 11. Slaby O, Svoboda M, Michalek J, Vyzula R: MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: translation of molecular biology into clinical application. Mol Cancer 2009, 8:102.PubMedCrossRef 12. Slaby O, Svoboda M, Michalek J, Vyzula R: DNA and microRNA microarray technologies in diagnostics and prediction for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Klin Onkol 2009,22(5):202–209.PubMed 13. Petillo D, Kort EJ, Anema J, Furge KA, Yang XJ, Teh BT: MicroRNA profiling of human kidney cancer subtypes. Int J Oncol 2009,35(1):109–114.PubMedCrossRef 14. Juan D, Alexe G, Antes T, Liu H, Madabhushi A, Delisi C, Ganesan S, Bhanot G, Liou LS: Identification of a microRNA panel for clear-cell kidney cancer. Urology 2010,75(4):835–841.PubMedCrossRef 15.

The chosen Maxwell model was the best-suited model to describe and explain the recorded impedance

data most consistently for two reasons. The first reason is, it is shown in literature [15, 17] that the Co deposition can occur via at least two reaction pathways. The second reason is that the decoupling of the seven fit parameters vs. time is best for the chosen Maxwell model in comparison to other investigated equivalent circuit models as will be discussed LGX818 cost in the following. The time dependence of the deposition voltage U and of the seven fit parameters – the series resistance R s, the transfer resistance R p, the corresponding time constant τ p – are depicted in Figure 2a, the Maxwell resistances R a and R b and the corresponding capacities C a and C b in Figure 2b. Figure 2 The time dependence of the deposition voltage and the seven fit parameters. (a)

Deposition voltage U and the series resistance R learn more s, transfer resistance R p, and the corresponding time constant τ p and (b) the Maxwell element with R a, C a, R b, and C b as a function of the deposition time at a constant current density of 12 mA/cm2. The Co deposition voltage U decreases exponentially with time starting from a value of about −1.25 V and reaches a constant deposition voltage of about −1 V after approximately 10.5 min. The series resistance R s increases linearly with the time starting from about 90 Ω going up to about 130 Ω with slight oscillations towards the end. The transfer resistance R p is negative over the entire deposition time. It linearly increases starting from about −25 Ω up to about −35 Ω, reaching a constant level after about 16 min. Similar to the series resistance, also R p shows oscillations towards the end but significantly more pronounced in amplitude. Unlike the R p, the associated process time constant τ p remains constant over the entire deposition time. It also shows higher oscillations towards the end. In the first three minutes, the Maxwell resistance R a decreases linearly from about 18 Ω to about 16 Ω before R a

linearly increases to 18 Ω and saturates after 16 min with pronounced oscillations during the entire time. The associated capacity C Methocarbamol a does not exhibit the change in slope after three minutes as observed for R a. It decreases constantly from about 21 μF down to about 15 μF after 15 min before it saturates like R a. The Maxwell resistance R b increases linearly from about 10 Ω up to about 25 Ω. Compared to R a, the oscillations in R b are extremely reduced. The corresponding capacity C b decreases linearly from about 100 μF down to about 50 μF after 10.5 min and decreases further down to about 25 μF with a drastically reduced slope. Similar to C a, C b only shows slight oscillations over the complete deposition time.

References 1. Khan

A, Balakrishnan K, Katona T: Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes based on group three nitrides. selleck chemicals llc Nat Photonics 2008, 2:77–84.CrossRef 2. Shur MS, Gaska R: Deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 2010, 57:12–25.CrossRef 3. Hirayama H: Recent progress of 220–280 nm-band AlGaN based deep-UV LEDs. Proc SPIE 2010, 7617:76171G.CrossRef 4. Kneissl M, Kolbe T, Chua C, Kueller V, Lobo N, Stellmach J, Knauer A, Rodriguez H, Einfeldt S, Yang Z, Johnson NM, Weyers M: Advances in group III-nitride-based deep UV light-emitting diode technology. Semicond Sci Technol 2011, 26:014036.CrossRef 5. Ryu HY, Choi IG, Choi HS, Shim JI: Investigation of light extraction efficiency in AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. Appl Phys Express 2013, 6:062101.CrossRef 6. Nam KB, Li J, Nakarmi ML, Lin JY, Jiang HX: Unique optical properties of AlGaN alloys and related ultraviolet emitters. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:5264–5266.CrossRef 7. Kawanishi H, Niikura E, Yamamoto M, Takeda S: Experimental energy I-BET151 difference between heavy- or light-hole valence band and crystal-field split-off valence band in Al x Ga 1-x N. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:251107.CrossRef 8. Kolbe T, Knauer A, Chua C, Yang Z, Einfeldt S, Vogt P, Johnson NM, Weyers M, Kneissl M:

Optical polarization characteristics of ultraviolet (In) (Al)GaN multiple quantum well light emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97:171105.CrossRef 9. Fujii T, Gao Y, Sharma R, Hu EL, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S: Increase in the extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes via surface roughening. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:855–857.CrossRef 10. Tadatomo K, Okagawa

H, Ohuchi Y, Tsunekawa T, Imada Y, Kato M, Taguchi T: High output power InGaN ultraviolet light-emitting diodes fabricated on patterned substrates using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Jpn J Appl Phys 2001, 40:L583-L585.CrossRef 11. Oder TN, Kim KH, Lin JY, Jiang HX: III-nitride Cediranib (AZD2171) blue and ultraviolet photonic crystal light emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:466–468.CrossRef 12. Wierer JJ, David A, Megens MM: III-nitride photonic-crystal light-emitting diodes with high extraction efficiency. Nat Photonics 2009, 3:163–169.CrossRef 13. Lai FI, Yang JF: Enhancement of light output power of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with photonic quasi-crystal patterned on p-GaN surface and n-side sidewall roughing. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:244.CrossRef 14. Kuo ML, Lee YJ, Thomas CS, Lin SY: Large enhancement of light-extraction efficiency from optically pumped nanorod light-emitting diodes. Opt Lett 2009, 34:2078–2080.CrossRef 15. Ryu HY: Extraction efficiency in GaN nanorod light-emitting diodes investigated by finite-difference time-domain simulation. J Korean Phys Soc 2011, 58:878–882.CrossRef 16. Li S, Waag A: GaN based nanorods for solid state lighting. J Appl Phys 2012, 111:071101.CrossRef 17.