The blood-based seven-gene

biomarker panel test benefits patients who wish to have information about their CRC risk status prior to considering current screening procedures. (Such patients may be uncomfortable with current screening procedures due to fear click here of health risks, discomfort, cultural, personal or other reasons) The blood-based test employs receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the expression of six genes of interest relative to a reference gene. Continuous biomarker outputs are estimated; thus a threshold can be set to achieve a combination of sensitivity and specificity that best fits the intended use of the test. By contrast, current CRC tests such as gFOBT, FIT, fecal DNA test, are discrete, yielding yes-or-no information. On the basis of the biomarker test, patients can PI3K inhibitor be stratified by their current risk of CRC. Our calculations showed that by using our test it is possible to stratify the average risk population and select those patients with an elevated risk for CRC of 2 times or higher, such that 51% of the cancers can be found by performing

colonoscopy on only 12% of the population. This is equivalent to a four-fold increase in detection rates, and can substantially increase healthcare efficiency and the use of scarce resources such as colonoscopy [6]. Conclusion In this study, we independently confirm that a seven-gene biomarker panel validated in a North American population is also applicable for current CRC risk stratification in a Malaysian population. The extension of the North American findings lends considerable

independent validity to the blood-based CRC test, supporting the clinically utility of the risk stratification approach across different ethnicities. References 1. World Gastroenterology Organization/International Digestive Cancer Alliance: Practice Guidelines: Colorectal Cancer Screening. World Gastroenterology Organization; 2007. 2. National Cancer Registry: Malaysia Cancer Statistics: Adenosine Data and Figures Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2006. 3. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Colorectal cancer test use among persons aged greater than or equal to 50 years — United States, 2001. MMWR 2003, 52:193–196. 4. Zarychanski R, Chen Y, Bernstein CN, Hebert PC: Frequency of colorectal screening and the impact of family physicians on screening behaviour. CMAJ 2007, 177:593–597.PubMed 5. Sewich MJ, Fournier C, Ciampi A, Dyachanko A: Adherence to colorectal cancer screening guidelines in Canada. BMC Gastroenterology 2007, 7:39.CrossRef 6. Marshall KW, Mohr S, El Khettabi F, Nossova N, Chao S, Bao W, Ma J, Li XJ, Liew CC: Blood-based Biomarker Panel for Stratifying Current Risk for Colorectal Cancer. Int J Cancer 2010, 126:1177–1186.PubMed 7. von Knebel Doeberitz M: Editorial. Int J Cancer 2010, 126:1037–1038.PubMedCrossRef 8.

These results suggest that the four isolates with gradient descent efficacies also had gradient descent capacities against desiccation, and MAX-2 had significantly higher antistress capacity under desiccation stress than the other isolates. MAX-2 caused similar symptoms to other isolates in the wet microhabitat

Alpelisib supplier (substrate with 35% moisture content; Figure 3a). T. molitor larvae exhibited bradykinesia, and the internodes of insects turned slightly brown in the early stage of infection (2 d to 3 d post-inoculation; Figure 3b). The internodes gradually became dark black, and the larvae died within the following 2 d (Figure 3c). White mycelia sprang up and gradually covered the cadavers approximately 10 d after inoculation. The conidia formed, and the larval surface turned green after another 1 d to 2 d (Figure 3d). The substrate also showed white mycelia, which gradually turned light green during the course of infection. This phenomenon suggests that

new conidia formed and added to the initial inoculum concentration, thereby resulting in a large number of inocula around the larvae (Figure 3e). Figure 3 The symptoms of T. molitor larvae infected by M. anisopliae isolate MAX-2. Note: a-e, in the wet microhabitat; f-j, Erlotinib under desiccation stress. Bar = 1 cm (a-j). The arrows in g, h, and i indicated the local black patches on the cuticles under desiccation stress. In the dry microhabitat (substrate with 8% moisture content; Figure 3f), MAX-2 exhibited medium efficacy (41% mortality), whereas the other isolates showed no efficacies or very low efficacies (< 5% mortality). Similar to the observations in the wet microhabitat, T. molitor larvae exhibited bradykinesia in the dry microhabitat, but the larvae exhibited local black patches on the cuticles 3 d to 4 d after inoculation (Figure 3g). The local black patches gradually extended to one to two somites, and the

larvae became slower, died, and dried (Figure 3h). However, no mycelium or conidia emerged on the insect cadavers and substrates when kept in dry substrate all the time. This result suggests that the moisture level dipyridamole was too low to facilitate mycelial or conidial growth. However, when the cadavers were transferred to a moist filter, mycelium and conidia rapidly emerged on their surface within 2 d to 3 d (Figure 3j). In addition, few larvae completed exuviation and survived even when local black patches appeared on the shell (Figure 3i). Discussion A valid laboratory bioassay system for evaluating M. anisopliae efficacy under desiccation stress Water stress tolerance of fungal strains is usually evaluated using various salts to create different water potential scenarios. However, in testing the virulence of the strains, the salt can affect the life cycles of hosts. In this paper, a novel laboratory bioassay system was used to test the efficacy of M. anisopliae under desiccation stress on T. molitor larvae in dry substrate.

Failing to detect other AMF may be ascribed to the short read length with Illumina sequencing (cf. Stockinger et al. 2010). Moreover, Penicillium species (meta-rank 1 here) are common endophytes in plants (Vega et al. 2006), and some species can improve phosphate solubility or produce gibberellic acid to stimulate plant growth (Wakelin et al. 2007; Khan et al. 2008). Fungi may also function as biocontrol agents (e.g., Meira and Candida; Nguyen et al. 2011) or nematode predators (e.g., Dactyllela and Arthrobotrys; Schenck

et al. 1977). Nematodes, common invertebrates in orchids, often cause leaf yellowing and reduce plant vigor (Kuehnle 2006). Such nematophagous fungi may thus play a critical role in controlling nematode infection in orchids. Using symbiotic fungi for controlling disease outbreak or improving the resistance to pathogens has been demonstrated for orchids and

crops (cf. Lee et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2011; Mosquera-Espinosa et al. MK-8669 research buy 2013). Another benefit might be conferred by Sporothrix (meta-rank 2); its abundance is likely associated with the good growth of orchids in Sphagnum moss, a popular potting material in the orchid industry in which Sporothrix is frequently found (Zhang and Andrews 1993; Feeney et al. 2007). Among the well-documented, common pathogenic fungi that infect orchids, Fusarium (meta-rank 4) and Colletotrichum (meta-rank 26) were also detected in this study. Symptoms may be severe enough to impair the growth of Phalaenopsis, Selleck AZD3965 e.g., some Fusarium species lead to wilting of orchids (Benyon et al. 1996; Divakaran et al. 2008), and Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose disease (Yang et al. 2011). However, pathogenic species do not always trigger necrotic symptoms because of a lag in symptom expression early during infection (Newton et al. 2010) or the presence of antagonistic species that repress pathogenicity (Schulz and Boyle 2005). Conclusions Metagenomic analysis with NGS techniques provides not only a vast amount of data of barcode sequences, but deep insights into the species composition of a fungal community.

Here, multiple barcodes were used to resolve the taxa within a microbial community; 152 NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase genera (73.8 % OTUs) appeared only in the barcoding with single markers, indicating that no single barcode was able to disclose the diverse microflora comprehensively. Of the six barcodes, ITS1/2, ITS3/4, and nrLSU-U worked the best to decipher the microbiome in Phalaenopsis roots. Our metagenomic analyses suggested that species of the mycorrhizal Trechispora and Mortierella might play some key roles in promoting orchid vigor. Methodological approaches, e.g., in silico simulations on primer preferences, deciphering mock communities with multiple markers, and isolating potentially useful fungi for whole genome sequencing, can be conducted in the future. Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by the National Cheng Kung University and the National Science Council, Taiwan.

Biochem Soc Trans 2005, 33:108–111.PubMedCrossRef RO4929097 chemical structure 7. Boison G, Schmitz O, Mikheeva L, Shestakov S, Bothe H: Cloning, molecular analysis and insertional mutagenesis of the bidirectional hydrogenase genes from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. FEBS Lett 1996, 394:153–158.PubMedCrossRef 8. Gubili J, Borthakur D: The use of a PCR cloning and screening strategy to identify lambda clones containing the hupB gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Microbiol Meth 1996, 27:175–182.CrossRef 9. Gubili J, Borthakur

D: Organization of the hupDEAB genes within the hydrogenase gene cluster of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Appl Phycol 1998, 10:163–167.CrossRef 10. Hansel A, Axelsson R, Lindberg P, Troshina OY, Wünschiers R, Lindblad P: Cloning and characterisation of a hyp gene cluster in the filamentous cyanobacterium

Nostoc sp. strain PCC 73102. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001, 201:59–64.PubMedCrossRef Epigenetics inhibitor 11. Hoffmann D, Gutekunst K, Klissenbauer M, Schluz-Friedrich R, Appel J: Mutagenesis of hydrogenase accessory genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additional homologues of hypA and hypB are not active in hydrogenase maturation. FEBS J 2006, 273:4516–4527.PubMedCrossRef 12. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of

the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res PRKACG 1996, 3:185–209.PubMedCrossRef 13. Sakamoto T, Delgaizo VB, Bryant DA: Growth on urea can trigger death and peroxidation of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:2361–2366.PubMed 14. Tamagnini P, Axelsson R, Lindberg P, Oxelfelt F, Wünschiers R, Lindblad P: Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002, 66:1–20.PubMedCrossRef 15. Tamagnini P, Leitão E, Oliveira P, Ferreira D, Pinto F, Harris DJ, Heidorn T, Lindblad P: Cyanobacterial hydrogenases:diversity, regulation and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007, 31:692–720.PubMedCrossRef 16. Boison G, Bothe H, Schmitz O: Transcriptional analysis of hydrogenase genes in the cyanobacteria Anacystis nidulans and Anabaena variabilis monitored by RT-PCR. Curr Microbiol 2000, 40:315–321.PubMedCrossRef 17. Oliveira P, Leitão E, Tamagnini P, Moradas-Ferreira P, Oxelfelt F: Characterization and transcriptional analysis of hupSLW in Gloeothece sp. ATCC 27152: an uptake hydrogenase from a unicellular cyanobacterium. Microbiology 2004, 150:3647–3655.PubMedCrossRef 18. Schmitz O, Boison G, Bothe H: Quantitative analysis of expression of two circadian clock-controlled gene clusters coding for the bidirectional hydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.

Using the Action-in-Context framework, Wu et al. developed a model to simulate future changes in sown areas of paddy rice in Asia given a set of alternative crops to land users and corresponding crop utility functions. Though some regions will experience a decrease in rice cultivated areas, the total rice-sown area in Asia in general was predicted by the model to increase from 124 million ha in 2005 to 144 million ha by 2035. According to Wu et al., the different patterns among Asian countries reflect variation in rice yield and price, which in turn influence its cultivation in different

cropping systems. Ruxolitinib ic50 Adaptation options for regions where extreme events may amplify uncertainties in crop yields are suggested. Using Northern Massachusetts as a case study, Pontius and Neeti compare two approaches selleck chemicals to address the uncertainty in the maps produced by land change scenario models. One approach interprets the scenario storyline concerning the quantity of each land-change transition, and then considers the range of possibilities concerning the value

added by a simulation model that specifies the spatial allocation of land change. The other approach estimates the uncertainty of future land maps based on a validation measurement with historic data. Results indicate that for the former, there is a bounded range for the difference between the raw scenario maps, whereas for the latter, uncertainties can be so great that the output maps do not show meaningful differences. Implications for land change modeling and management are discussed. Two papers in this special

feature address the sustainability of urban systems. The first paper by Fan and Qi developed oxyclozanide an urban sustainability index comprising economic, environmental, and social factors. They further used this index to characterize the evolution of the cities of Urumqi and Guangzhou in China. The analysis highlighted fundamental socioeconomic driving forces that have caused spatial restructuring of these cities. The second paper on urban systems by Drechsel and Dongus applies the FAO framework for evaluating sustainable land management (FESLM) to assess the sustainability of urban agriculture in some African countries. They observe that whereas crop production in open space is largely market-driven, the phenomenon is constrained principally by tenure insecurity and competition for non-agricultural uses. The viability of urban agriculture as a livelihood strategy prompts the authors to call for its institutional recognition and support so that environmental and health externalities associated with urban agriculture might be adequately addressed. With globalization and increasing complexity in trade in biological resources, various issues pertaining to equity in transactions arise. Subramanian reviews the sustainability issues associated with the supply route and value-addition chain of commercially exploited biodiversity resources.

BRCA1 involves in homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, mismatch repair and other effects though its interaction with other DNA repair gene such as ATM, ATR, RAD51, RAD50, MRE11, NBS1. BRCA2 and so on [7]. The reason that high/positive BRCA1 could predict the good response to taxol is still not clear, 3 mechanisms selleck kinase inhibitor had been proposed

in explained this issue: (1) trigger cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, (2) enhance apoptosis through a pathway involving H-Ras, MEKK4, JNK, and activation of caspases 8 and 9, (3) participate in spindle assembly checkpoint signaling [6, 40]. BRCA1 gene showed an interesting outcome in NSCLC chemotherapy. Several cell studies and our meta-analysis based on clinical trials demonstrated low/negative BRCA1 expression could benefit from platinum-based chemotherapy; in contrast, the high level of BRCA1 expression was in favor of toxal contained agents. This may confuse us, how could we determine chemotherapy choice properly? Rosell customized treated 84 patients based on their BRCA1 expression: low, cisplatin plus gemcitabine (GP); Epacadostat manufacturer intermediate, cisplatin plus docetaxel (DC);

high, docetaxel alone. The median survival (MS) and 2-year survival of low BRCA1 patients received GP regime was 11 month and 41.2%, which seem to be favorable with the traditional randomized trial treated with GP or pemetrexed plus cisplatin. The MS of high BRCA1 patients received single-agent about docetaxel was 11 month and had no detrimental effect when compared with a large phase III trial in patients treated with DC [41]. If this hypothesis is validated, the NSCLC patients with high BRCA1 should receive taxol based and non-platinum-contained adjuvant chemotherapy, which would be more economic, efficacy and less toxic effect for patients. However, more multi-center prospective clinical trials should be conducted to confirm this hypothesis. Since BRCA1 mRNA and protein level was associated with treatment efficacy, why other biomarkers such as SNPs in this gene

could be a choice? But in another hand, it seems that gene expression level provides direct evidence and SNPs provide indirect evidence as it is usually gene product especially protein rather than gene itself play an import role in biochemical activity. Although SNPs are important gene variant that affect the protein expression, but many factors involve in protein synthesis. We found that studies evaluated the SNPs in BRCA1 gene and the clinical outcome was limited. Su [42] found that BRCA1 S1613G was associated with platinum-based chemotherapy efficacy in objective response rate. In a large trail consisted of 300 NSCLC patients at stages III and IV, AACC haplotype but not single S1613G in BRCA1 was associated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.097; 95%CI, 1.339 to 3.284) treated with platinum combination chemotherapy [43].

They emphasize the natural variability of the beaches, which is important to recognise in the context of an endangered species dependent on beach ecosystems. Policymakers may be more concerned with the economic impacts of species decline and beach loss on coastal communities. Mycoo and Gobin explore the potential for convergence of science and policy through

a case study at Grande Riviere, on the northeast coast of Trinidad. This site has the highest density of nesting leatherback turtles in the world, with 3,000 or more nesting on an 800 m length of beach. Although economic activity associated this website with turtle watching has not declined to date, Mycoo and Gobin suggest that https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html such changes are possible if climate change and sea-level rise lead to alteration of beach habitat. They find that while community awareness of sea-level rise is relatively high, knowledge and awareness of climate change in general is low. Hills and co-authors (A social and ecological imperative

for ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change in Pacific islands) define ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches as the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services in an overall strategy for adaptation to adverse effects of climate change. They argue that EbA is an appropriate policy response to the range and sometimes severe impacts of climate change on Pacific island ecosystems. However they highlight a current divergence between the conceptual rationale for EbA and its application in practice. There are two dominant approaches to the application of EbA. Targeted actions (based on the appraisal of various adaptation options and their

relative capacity to reduce societal vulnerability) will generally have more sophisticated data and analytical requirements than general approaches (based on the expected delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services, including those likely to reduce societal vulnerability). The latter are more appropriate in Vitamin B12 situations where the emphasis is on increasing resilience but there is high uncertainty about the local climate future, limited analytical capacity and/or limited resources for design, implementation and/or maintenance. The authors show that a number of characteristics make adaptation approaches utilising the benefits of ecosystems a compelling and viable alternative to other adaptation approaches. But without improved guidance for early-stage planning that allows practical ‘whole-of-system’ comparisons between EbA and non-EbA solutions, there has been little full integration of the former in national adaptation programs. A broad lack of awareness of the benefits of EbA is a challenge to its use in a region where ‘bottom-up’ approaches to prioritisation play an important role in policy and decision-making.

1 AG acetyltransferase S. enterica subsp enterica 2e-20 98 AG: aminoglycoside. Gene names are in bold. Homologues of aminoglycoside phosphorylation-encoding genes were also detected using a PCR-based

approach, with both aph (2″)-Ic and aph (2″)-Id like genes being detected. These genes shared homology with genes from Enterococcus species, including E. faecium and E. casseliflavus. EPZ6438 Aminoglycoside resistant E. faecium have received significant attention due to their role in nosocomial infections [58, 59]. Notably, the role of mobile genetic elements in the maintenance and dissemination of multi-drug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium has previously been highlighted [30, 60, 61]. While it is not certain that the genes identified in this study are also associated with mobile elements, the possibility that resistance genes could be transferred to commensals is a concern. Homologues of aminoglycoside adenylation genes, ant (2″)-Ia, were

also successfully detected. These resembled genes from Pasteurella, Acinetobacter and E. coli (Table 3), and the findings are thus consistent Tamoxifen price with previous research showing that these genes are most frequently detected in Gram negative bacteria [62]. Overall, the results demonstrate that the gut microbiota is a source of diverse aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes, despite having had no recent antibiotic exposure. If these genes are expressed there is the potential that if antibiotic exposure occurred, bacteria containing very these resistance genes would become the dominant component of the gut microbiota, as has been shown in previous studies [5, 63]. Conclusions This study has highlighted the merits of applying a PCR-based approach to detect antibiotic resistance

genes within the human gut microbiome. The results clearly demonstrate that the human gut microbiota is a considerable reservoir for resistance genes. Further studies are required to determine the exact sources of these genes and to determine if they have the potential to become mobile. Additionally, we have highlighted the successful application of a PCR-based screen of a complex environment without prior isolation of resistant isolates. The possibility exists to couple this approach with lower throughput next generation sequencing strategies, such as that provided by the Ion PGM 314 chip, in instances where great diversity is likely. Our approach could also be used in conjunction with functional screening of metagenomic libraries to enable the detection of genes present in a complex environment at a low threshold and that may have avoided capture in the metagenomic library, as shown in a recent study [64]. Such a PCR-based approach is not being proposed as a substitute for ultra-deep high-throughput shotgun sequencing of metagenomic DNA, rather it is a lower cost, more targeted, alternative which facilitates the detection and in silico analysis of specific gene sets of interest.

1.4, the fifth sentence, which previously read: “Enrollment

of 54 patients was completed…” has now been corrected as follows: “Enrollment of 45 patients was completed…” Page 272: In the third paragraph of section 1.1.5, the first sentence, which previously read: “…compare the efficacy of tasocitinib with methotrexate…” has now been corrected as follows: “…compare the efficacy of two doses of tofacitinib with methotrexate…” Page 273: In the left column, third paragraph, the first sentence, which previously read: “…efficacy and safety of tasocitinib in 2500 patients… has now been corrected as follows: “…efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in 4000 patients…” Page 274: In the first paragraph of section 2.2.2, the first sentence, which previously read: “…were BGJ398 solubility dmso low in the phase II/III ORAL Solo trial…” has now been corrected as follows: “…were low in the phase III ORAL Solo trial…” Page 275: In the left column, second paragraph, the first sentence, which previously read: “No new safety signals have emerged in the ongoing ORAL Sequel phase II/III 2-year extension study…” has now been corrected as follows: “No new safety signals have emerged over 2 years in the ongoing ORAL Sequel phase II/III extension study…” Page 275: In the right column, second paragraph, the first sentence, which previously

read: “In a 1-year extension study that included patients…” has MAPK Inhibitor Library datasheet now been corrected as follows: “After 1 year of an extension study that included patients…” Page 275: In the right column, third paragraph, the first sentence, which previously read: “…at dosages of 2–20 mg/day,…” has now been corrected as follows: “…at doses of 1–10 mg twice daily,…” Page 277: In the fifth paragraph of section 2.4.1, the first sentence, which previously read: “Cynomolgus monkeys receiving tasocitinib had a significantly longer…” has now been corrected as follows:

“Cynomolgus monkeys receiving tofacitinib following bilateral nephrectomy and allogeneic renal transplant had a significantly longer…” Page 278: In the right column, lines 1 and 2, which previously Alectinib clinical trial read: “…twice daily groups at 6 months, compared with the placebo group.” has now been corrected as follows: “…twice daily groups at 3 months, compared with the placebo group.” Page 281: In the left column, second paragraph, which previously read: “…significantly improved pain and physical function at 6 weeks…” has now been corrected as follows: “…significantly improved ACR response rates at 6 weeks…” Page 281: In the right column, the second paragraph starting with “One-year efficacy data…” should be deleted entirely. Page 281: In the right column, third paragraph, the first sentence, which previously read: “Tasocitinib, at dosages of 2–20 mg/day, was effective…” has now been corrected as follows: “Tofacitinib, at doses of 1–10 mg twice daily, was effective…” Note All online versions of this article have been updated to reflect these corrections.

PubMedCrossRef 45. Vietri NJ, Deshazer D: Melioidosis. In Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Washington

DC: Borden Institute Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 2007:147–166. [U.S Army Medical Department Borden Insitute Textbooks of Biological Warfare] 46. Dance DA: Melioidosis as an emerging global problem. Acta Trop 2000,74(2–3):115–119.PubMedCrossRef 47. Rolim DB, Vilar DC, Sousa AQ, Miralles IS, de Oliveira DC, Harnett G, O’Reilly RGFP966 mouse L, Howard K, Sampson I, Inglis TJ: Melioidosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2005,11(9):1458–1460.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 48. Lipsitz R, Garges S, Aurigemma R, Baccam P, Blaney DD, Cheng AC, Currie BJ, Dance Akt inhibitor DA, Gee JE, Larsen J, Limmathurotsakul D, Morrow MG, Norton R, O’Mare E, Peacock SJ, Pesik N, Rogers LP, Schweizer HP, Steinmetz I, Tan G, Tan P, Wiersinga WJ, Wuthiekanun V, Smith TL: Workshop on Treatment of and Postexposure Prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infection, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012.,18(12): online report 49. Lazar Adler NR, Stevens JM, Stevens MP, Galyov EE: Autotransporters and their

role in the virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei . Front Microbiol 2011, 2:151.PubMed 50. Campos CG, Borst L, Cotter PA: Characterization of BcaA, a putative classical autotransporter protein in Burkholderia pseudomallei . Infect Immun 2013,81(4):1121–1128.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 51. Campos CG, Byrd MS, Cotter PA: Functional characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei trimeric autotransporters. Infect Immun 2013,81(8):2788–2799.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 52. Nummelin H, Merckel MC, Leo JC, Lankinen H, Skurnik M, Goldman A: The Yersinia adhesin YadA collagen-binding domain structure

is a novel left-handed parallel next beta-roll. Embo J 2004,23(4):701–711.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 53. Bullard B, Lipski SL, Lafontaine ER: Hag directly mediates the adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to human middle ear cells. Infect Immun 2005,73(8):5127–5136.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 54. Balder R, Krunkosky TM, Nguyen CQ, Feezel L, Lafontaine ER: Hag mediates adherence of Moraxella catarrhalis to ciliated human airway cells. Infect Immun 2009,77(10):4597–4608.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 55. Balder R, Lipski S, Lazarus JJ, Grose W, Wooten RM, Hogan RJ, Woods DE, Lafontaine ER: Identification of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei adhesins for human respiratory epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10:250.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 56. Lazar Adler NR, Dean RE, Saint RJ, Stevens MP, Prior JL, Atkins TP, Galyov EE: Identification of a Predicted Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin Required for Biofilm Formation of Burkholderia pseudomallei . PLoS One 2013,8(11):e79461.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 57.