2-5 Hepatic iron deposition in the setting of chronic liver disease may be present in one of three different patterns: exclusively in hepatocytes, exclusively in cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), or in a mixed pattern involving both hepatocytes and RES.2-5 In hereditary hemochromatosis

types 1, 2, and 3, iron preferentially PI3K Inhibitor Library accumulates in hepatocytes because of mutations in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE), the hemojuvelin (HJV) or hepcidin genes, and the transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) gene, respectively.2-5 In contrast, hepatic iron deposition in the setting of cirrhosis and secondary iron overload occurs primarily in RES cells and usually begins with sinusoidal lining cells in an azonal pattern.2-5 Iron deposition in patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD, or a chronic hepatitis C infection may occur in any of these three patterns.2-5 The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library contribution of hepatic iron accumulation to the severity or progression of chronic liver diseases other than hemochromatosis remains unclear. A number of studies have assessed the relationship

between hepatic iron loading and disease stage in chronic hepatitis C; the majority of these studies (but not all) support an association between advanced fibrosis and the presence of iron deposition in the nonparenchymal RES cells (i.e., sinusoidal, endothelial, and portal tracts).6, 7 In contrast, parenchymal iron deposition is a feature of alcoholic liver disease, although RES iron is more prevalent in the advanced stages of disease.8 NAFLD is the most common liver disease in the United States and may be present in up to 30% of the general population.9 A subset of patients Rapamycin in vitro with NAFLD have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form of this disease associated with hepatocellular (HC) injury,

inflammation, and varying levels of fibrosis. A number of previous studies have investigated the role of iron stores in NAFLD by assessing the presence of stainable hepatic iron deposits, the biochemical hepatic iron content, or both. However, the findings thus far have been conflicting, with some studies finding hepatic iron deposition to be associated with increased disease severity10-12 and others not finding such an association.13-16 One previous study examining the distribution of iron in 157 patients with NASH-related cirrhosis, including 51 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), demonstrated that patients with HCC were more likely to have mild to moderate RES cell iron deposits than patients without HCC.

44, P < 0.0001). Worsening adipose tissue IR was not www.selleckchem.com/products/BAY-73-4506.html associated with worsening hepatic steatosis (Q1: 2.1 ± 0.2; Q2: 1.8 ± 0.2; Q3: 2.1 ± 0.1; Q4: 2.1 ± 0.1; all nonsignificant), consistent with the nonsignificant increase in liver fat by MRS (Table 2). Similarly, necroinflammation was also present, but not different, between Q1 versus Q4, even as patients had more dysfunctional fat (Q1: 2.4 ± 0.2; Q2: 2.8 ± 0.2; Q3: 2.8 ± 0.1; Q4: 2.8 ± 0.1; all nonsignificant). The NAFLD activity score (NAS) was similar across Q1-Q4 groups (Fig. 6A). In contrast, adipose tissue IR played an important role on the severity of liver fibrosis, as suggested when comparing Q3 and Q4 versus Q1 and Q2 (Fig. 6B; P < 0.05). A fibrosis stage 2 or 3 was

present in 18% of subjects in Q1 (3 of 17) and Q2 (5 of 29), compared to stages 2-4 occurring in 30% of Q3 and Q4 patients (P < 0.05). The aim of the present study was to understand the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue on metabolic and histological parameters of obese patients with NAFLD. To this end, we performed in each patient an in-depth metabolic assessment coupled with a liver biopsy. This approach allowed an integrated metabolic and histological evaluation of the liver in relation to adipose tissue in NAFLD and led to the following important clinical findings: (1) MHO subjects with click here normal insulin-sensitive adipose tissue

do not usually develop hepatic steatosis and have a near-normal metabolic profile; (2) there is a low threshold for the metabolic effects of dysfunctional adipose tissue. Even modest adipose tissue IR rapidly leads to an elevation of liver aminotransferases, dyslipidemia (i.e., high TG/low HDL-C), reduction in plasma adiponectin, marked liver and muscle IR, hepatic steatosis and NASH; and (3) from an histological perspective, adipose tissue IR triggers the development of hepatic lipotoxicity in NASH (also with a rather low threshold), but appears to play less of a role in determining the severity of necroinflammation. In contrast, fibrosis is susceptible to the severity of adipose tissue

IR. Taken together, these observations have significant clinical implications Megestrol Acetate to the prevention and treatment of patients with NAFLD. There were major differences in the severity of adipose tissue dysfunction in obese subjects with and without NAFLD for similar degrees of adiposity (i.e., similar BMI and whole body fat). Plasma FFA levels were much higher in patients with NAFLD, despite higher insulin levels, which is indicative of a severe defect in the suppression of plasma FFA by insulin (Table 1; Fig. 1). This observation should shift our focus about the metabolic effect of obesity in NAFLD from the severity of adiposity to the magnitude of adipose tissue dysfunction (i.e., from quantity to quality), a concept explored previously in the fields of cardiovascular risk assessment21-23 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),24 but never carefully examined in NASH.

1-3, 5, 7, 8 Ca2+-dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC)8 (expressed mainly by large cholangiocytes) regulates large biliary functions.9

Normal cholangiocytes are mitotically dormant,5 but proliferate or are damaged in response to bile duct ligation (BDL) or acute CCl4 administration.5, 10 The proliferative responses of cholangiocytes to these pathological maneuvers are heterogeneous and size dependent.5, 10, 11 In rodents with BDL, only large cholangiocytes proliferate (thus increasing large intrahepatic bile duct mass; IBDM)5, 12 by activation of cAMP-dependent signaling.5, 12 The function of small cholangiocytes is less defined.4, 10 D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I signaling is important in regulating small cholangiocyte function.4 We have previously shown that concomitant with damage of large cholangiocytes,10, 11 small cholangiocytes www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html de novo proliferate and acquire functional markers of large cholangiocytes to compensate for the loss of large bile ducts.10, 11 However, the mechanisms

by which small cholangiocytes replenish the biliary epithelium subsequent to the damage of large ducts are unknown. R428 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. The liver represents for the major site of synthesis and metabolism of GABA.13 Because GABA affects cell functions by the activation of Ca2+-dependent signaling and inhibition of AC activity,14 we tested the hypothesis that GABA (1) damages large cholangiocytes and (2) induces the differentiation of small into functional large cholangiocytes by Ca2+/CaMK I-dependent activation of AC8. Abs, antibodies; AC, adenylyl cyclase; BAPTA/AM, 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetraacetoxymethyl ester; BDL, bile duct ligation; b.w., body weight; BSA, bovine serum albumin; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate;

CaMK, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; Cl−/HCO3− AE2, Cl−/HCO3− anion exchanger 2; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IBDM, intrahepatic bile duct mass; IF, immunofluorescence; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IP, intraperitoneal; IP3, D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; mRNA, messenger RNA; PCNA, proliferating cellular nuclear antigen; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PKC, protein kinase C; RIA, radioimmunoassay; SEM, standard error of the mean; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; SR, secretin receptor; TUNEL, quantitative terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling; W7, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide.

Studies of IL28B genotype in the setting of liver transplantation in HCV infection have shown that both donor and recipient IL28B genotypes have a significant effect on treatment outcomes.52 Although it is tempting to imagine a simple, tissue-specific mechanism for the IL28B effect on treatment response, these results collectively suggest an influence of IL28B genotype from both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Among the agents in development for treatment of HCV

is the pegylated formulation of human IFN-λ1, which has shown antiviral activity both in cellular models and in vivo and is currently in phase II clinical trials.21-23 Given the influence of host genetic variation in the IFN-λ pathway on treatment response, recombinant IFN-λ products represent selleck chemical a promising avenue in the future of HCV therapeutics and may also provide valuable information regarding the mechanism of the IL28B genetic effect. “
“Autoimmune Erlotinib clinical trial hepatitis (AIH), like many

autoimmune diseases, is most prevalent in young women. The immunological basis of this age and sex susceptibility bias was investigated in a murine model of AIH. Xenoimmunization of 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice resulted in more severe AIH with higher levels of liver inflammation, serum alanine aminotransferase, specific T-cell cytotoxicity, and autoantibody than younger and older females. Vaccinated males developed PLEK2 minimal liver inflammation and higher percentages of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleen, and liver than females. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were virtually absent in liver-lymphocytes infiltrates of females. Castration of C57BL/6 mice, with or without 17β-estradiol supplementation, did not modify susceptibility in males, nor Treg numbers, suggesting minimal contribution of testosterone and estradiol to autoimmune hepatitis

(AIH) susceptibility. Xenoimmunized Aire(+/0) mouse displayed similar AIH susceptibility, sex bias, and Tregs numbers as C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that susceptibility in females is not the result of less stringent thymic central tolerance. Autoreactive B cell response against formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase correlated with disease activity, possibly linking B-cell autoreactivity and AIH pathogenesis. Conclusion: Peripheral tolerance and development of regulatory T cells after self-mimicking antigen exposure, and not sexual hormone nor central tolerance, are the main factors for susceptibility to AIH in females. HEPATOLOGY 2010 Prevalence of most autoimmune diseases shows a striking sex difference, with women being affected more often than men.1, 2 The ratio of female patients to male ranges from 20:1 in Sjögren’s syndrome, to 3:2 in multiple sclerosis.2 Less frequently, the ratio approaches 1:1, as in ulcerative colitis and diabetes.

Cloning and sequencing of the 549-bp RT-PCR amplicon of the helicase domain from grapevine cv. Shiraz lead to the detection of a variant of GLRaV-3, which shared only 69.6–74.1% nt similarity with other variants, including the recently reported, new, highly divergent variant, isolate 139. This was confirmed by the results of the analysis of 517-bp amplicon of the HSP70 gene of GLRaV-3 generated in RT-nested PCR based on degenerate primers for the DMXAA simultaneous amplification of members

of the Closteroviridae family designed by Dovas and Katis (J Virol Methods, 109, 2003, 217). In this genomic region, the variant shares 72.3–78.7% nt similarity with other variants of GLRaV-3. BIBW2992 nmr This previously unreported, new, highly divergent variant was provisionally named GTG10. From the alignment of the HSP70 sequences primers for the specific RT-nested PCR amplification of the variant GTG10 and members of group VI, and specific simultaneous amplification of variants of groups I, II and III, were designed. The results obtained from brief testing of various grapevines using all these primers suggest a relatively limited presence of GTG10 variant in vineyards. “
“Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is the most important disease of maize in China. Although deploying disease resistant

hybrids would be the most effective way to control the disease, development of resistant hybrids has been limited by virus transmission rates that are too low for effective screening. An efficient inoculation technique for RBSDV was developed using Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, in which a virus-free planthopper colony was developed and viruliferous planthoppers were obtained by allowing a 3- to 4-day acquisition access period on RBSDV-infected

wheat plants. Planthoppers were then allowed a 25- to 28-day latent period on wheat seedlings followed by a 3-day inoculation access period on two-to-three-leaf stage maize seedlings. Thalidomide By 35 days postinoculation, susceptible hybrid ‘Zhengdan 958’, inbred lines of ‘Ye 107’ and ‘Ye 478’ plants showed 100% RBSDV infection with symptoms of stunting plants, darkening leaves and white waxy swellings on underside of leaves. At tasseling stage, average disease indices were from 96.4 to 100.0%. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were correlated with the presence of symptoms. The high efficiency of RBSDV transmission obtained using this technique provides a reliable procedure to screen for RBSDV resistance in maize. “
“Conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides germinate and form infection hyphae on inoculated, immature mango but remain quiescent until fruit ripening. Antifungal resorcinols have previously been implicated for quiescence of C. gloesoporioides and Alternaria alternata on mango.

Together with the presence of intermediate grey colour

expressed by intermediate-sized individuals, this fish could ontogenetically changes their body colour from white to black. Both sexes of black individuals Selleckchem p38 MAPK inhibitor occupied feeding territories, but white individuals were non-territorial, indicating that the black body signals the possession of a feeding territory. Sexually active females were invariably black, whereas sexually active males were both black and white in colour. Few of the largest black males held harems, which included several female territories, whereas the remaining males were bachelors with no female territories. These bachelor males invested more in testes than harem males, suggesting that bachelors employ sneaking tactics, which is corroborated by our sneaking observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that sneakers are entirely dissimilar to females in appearance. Herein,

we discuss why sneakers are dichromatic in relation to their life histories. “
“The chamois Rupicapra rupicapra has been termed a highly polygynous species, with a great male competition for mating. If so, a lower survival should be expected for the male sex. From 1986 to 2000, 1801 carcasses of chamois were collected in the Maritime Alps Regional Park, Italy, where a protected, healthy, stable population of chamois occurred (c. 12 individuals 100 ha−1). Each year, population structure from carcasses MLN8237 was consistent with that from the count carried out on the preceding year on live individuals. Demographic features (assessed from mortality data, as well as from live counts) showed a balanced age structure and a good adult survival (10% individuals older than 11 years). Mortality peaks showed a cyclic pattern of 3–4 years. Winter severity and local density affected survival, with no significant difference between sexes. The number of carcasses was dependent on the combination of snow depth and mean temperature, in winter. Both sexes showed nearly the same survivorship curves, with a quite similar life expectancy in the first year (males=6.8 years, females=7.0 years), and the same maximum age

at death (16 years), as it may be expected in a monomorphic, monogamous species. This is, however, a rare event RNA Synthesis inhibitor among polygynous species, with a high male competition for females and male juvenile dispersion, which normally affect male survival. The similar adult survival of the two sexes could be explained by comparable energetic costs and risks for reproduction, or through greater fat reserves put on by males, before the rut, which may lower their winter mortality. “
“Packard and colleagues investigate the prediction of the body mass of dinosaurs, using allometric models, advocating parameter estimation via direct optimization of a least-squares criterion on arithmetic axes rather than the conventional approach based on linear least-squares regression on logarithmic axes.

Together with the presence of intermediate grey colour

expressed by intermediate-sized individuals, this fish could ontogenetically changes their body colour from white to black. Both sexes of black individuals SRT1720 datasheet occupied feeding territories, but white individuals were non-territorial, indicating that the black body signals the possession of a feeding territory. Sexually active females were invariably black, whereas sexually active males were both black and white in colour. Few of the largest black males held harems, which included several female territories, whereas the remaining males were bachelors with no female territories. These bachelor males invested more in testes than harem males, suggesting that bachelors employ sneaking tactics, which is corroborated by our sneaking observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that sneakers are entirely dissimilar to females in appearance. Herein,

we discuss why sneakers are dichromatic in relation to their life histories. “
“The chamois Rupicapra rupicapra has been termed a highly polygynous species, with a great male competition for mating. If so, a lower survival should be expected for the male sex. From 1986 to 2000, 1801 carcasses of chamois were collected in the Maritime Alps Regional Park, Italy, where a protected, healthy, stable population of chamois occurred (c. 12 individuals 100 ha−1). Each year, population structure from carcasses Selleckchem Ruxolitinib was consistent with that from the count carried out on the preceding year on live individuals. Demographic features (assessed from mortality data, as well as from live counts) showed a balanced age structure and a good adult survival (10% individuals older than 11 years). Mortality peaks showed a cyclic pattern of 3–4 years. Winter severity and local density affected survival, with no significant difference between sexes. The number of carcasses was dependent on the combination of snow depth and mean temperature, in winter. Both sexes showed nearly the same survivorship curves, with a quite similar life expectancy in the first year (males=6.8 years, females=7.0 years), and the same maximum age

at death (16 years), as it may be expected in a monomorphic, monogamous species. This is, however, a rare event Staurosporine research buy among polygynous species, with a high male competition for females and male juvenile dispersion, which normally affect male survival. The similar adult survival of the two sexes could be explained by comparable energetic costs and risks for reproduction, or through greater fat reserves put on by males, before the rut, which may lower their winter mortality. “
“Packard and colleagues investigate the prediction of the body mass of dinosaurs, using allometric models, advocating parameter estimation via direct optimization of a least-squares criterion on arithmetic axes rather than the conventional approach based on linear least-squares regression on logarithmic axes.

Together with the presence of intermediate grey colour

expressed by intermediate-sized individuals, this fish could ontogenetically changes their body colour from white to black. Both sexes of black individuals BMS-777607 purchase occupied feeding territories, but white individuals were non-territorial, indicating that the black body signals the possession of a feeding territory. Sexually active females were invariably black, whereas sexually active males were both black and white in colour. Few of the largest black males held harems, which included several female territories, whereas the remaining males were bachelors with no female territories. These bachelor males invested more in testes than harem males, suggesting that bachelors employ sneaking tactics, which is corroborated by our sneaking observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that sneakers are entirely dissimilar to females in appearance. Herein,

we discuss why sneakers are dichromatic in relation to their life histories. “
“The chamois Rupicapra rupicapra has been termed a highly polygynous species, with a great male competition for mating. If so, a lower survival should be expected for the male sex. From 1986 to 2000, 1801 carcasses of chamois were collected in the Maritime Alps Regional Park, Italy, where a protected, healthy, stable population of chamois occurred (c. 12 individuals 100 ha−1). Each year, population structure from carcasses Cell Cycle inhibitor was consistent with that from the count carried out on the preceding year on live individuals. Demographic features (assessed from mortality data, as well as from live counts) showed a balanced age structure and a good adult survival (10% individuals older than 11 years). Mortality peaks showed a cyclic pattern of 3–4 years. Winter severity and local density affected survival, with no significant difference between sexes. The number of carcasses was dependent on the combination of snow depth and mean temperature, in winter. Both sexes showed nearly the same survivorship curves, with a quite similar life expectancy in the first year (males=6.8 years, females=7.0 years), and the same maximum age

at death (16 years), as it may be expected in a monomorphic, monogamous species. This is, however, a rare event Flucloronide among polygynous species, with a high male competition for females and male juvenile dispersion, which normally affect male survival. The similar adult survival of the two sexes could be explained by comparable energetic costs and risks for reproduction, or through greater fat reserves put on by males, before the rut, which may lower their winter mortality. “
“Packard and colleagues investigate the prediction of the body mass of dinosaurs, using allometric models, advocating parameter estimation via direct optimization of a least-squares criterion on arithmetic axes rather than the conventional approach based on linear least-squares regression on logarithmic axes.

Further studies on the long-term efficacy and the recovery of peristalsis are required. Key Word(s): 1.

POEM; 2. achalasia; Presenting Author: GUOHUI JIAO Additional Authors: BANGMAO WANG, KUI JIANG, WENTIAN LIU, XIN CHEN, ZHONGQING ZHENG Corresponding Author: BANGMAO WANG Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Objective: Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) such as omeprazole inhibit gastric secretion by altering the activity of H+/K+ ATPase. The mostly reported adverse effects include constipation, diarrhoea, dysphagia and increasing osteoporotic fracture risk. Cases describing patients who developed episodes of acute gout could be found since 1990s. However, the mechanism of the PPIs interference on the uric acid metabolism remains unknown. Methods: We GSK3235025 clinical trial report two cases of omeprazole-associated acute-phase of gout in patients with gastrointestinal Mitomycin C supplier bleeding. Results: Two male patients were admitted to our medical center because of epigastric

pain and hematemesis. Their last uric acid level before admission was normal, although they both had a history of gout for more than 10 years. Gastro-duodenal ulcer was found at endoscopy. They were prescribed intravenous omeprazole twice daily with resolution of symptoms. Both patients had normal renal function. For 7–10 days later, they experienced acute gout in the feet and moderate fever. Uric acid tests showed 2–3 times above the normal limit. Omeprazole was replaced by anti-acid agents, indomethacin suppositories were used with resolution of the

gout if necessary. No allopurinol or steriod was prescribed. After PPI was discontinued, the gout-associated symptoms disappeared with decreased of the uric acid. However, they had recurrence epigastric pain without bleeding. Gout is a disorder that is related to excess production and deposition of uric acid crystals. Cytochrome P450 could oxidize uric acid inducing metabolic interference. As is known, PPIs interact with cytochromes P450 not only as substrates, but also as competitive inhibitors and inducers. Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors indicating for management of hyperuricemia and decreasing serum uric acid in patients with gout may have promise avoiding drug-drug interaction. Conclusion: Future studies Sclareol should focus on identifying mechanisms by which PPIs increase the risk of gout relapse and explore drugs with minor gastrointestinal bleeding hazard. Key Word(s): 1. proton pump; 2. uric acid; 3. gastric ulcer; Presenting Author: JIAQIANG DONG Additional Authors: YULONG SHANG, KAI LI, KAICHUN WU, YONGZHAN NIE, DAIMING FAN Corresponding Author: YONGZHAN NIE, DAIMING FAN Affiliations: Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University Objective: The ability to predict chemo-resistance would be valuable since multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the major obstacle to successful chemotherapy treatment in gastric cancer (GC).

Further studies on the long-term efficacy and the recovery of peristalsis are required. Key Word(s): 1.

POEM; 2. achalasia; Presenting Author: GUOHUI JIAO Additional Authors: BANGMAO WANG, KUI JIANG, WENTIAN LIU, XIN CHEN, ZHONGQING ZHENG Corresponding Author: BANGMAO WANG Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Objective: Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) such as omeprazole inhibit gastric secretion by altering the activity of H+/K+ ATPase. The mostly reported adverse effects include constipation, diarrhoea, dysphagia and increasing osteoporotic fracture risk. Cases describing patients who developed episodes of acute gout could be found since 1990s. However, the mechanism of the PPIs interference on the uric acid metabolism remains unknown. Methods: We check details report two cases of omeprazole-associated acute-phase of gout in patients with gastrointestinal FK866 cell line bleeding. Results: Two male patients were admitted to our medical center because of epigastric

pain and hematemesis. Their last uric acid level before admission was normal, although they both had a history of gout for more than 10 years. Gastro-duodenal ulcer was found at endoscopy. They were prescribed intravenous omeprazole twice daily with resolution of symptoms. Both patients had normal renal function. For 7–10 days later, they experienced acute gout in the feet and moderate fever. Uric acid tests showed 2–3 times above the normal limit. Omeprazole was replaced by anti-acid agents, indomethacin suppositories were used with resolution of the

gout if necessary. No allopurinol or steriod was prescribed. After PPI was discontinued, the gout-associated symptoms disappeared with decreased of the uric acid. However, they had recurrence epigastric pain without bleeding. Gout is a disorder that is related to excess production and deposition of uric acid crystals. Cytochrome P450 could oxidize uric acid inducing metabolic interference. As is known, PPIs interact with cytochromes P450 not only as substrates, but also as competitive inhibitors and inducers. Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors indicating for management of hyperuricemia and decreasing serum uric acid in patients with gout may have promise avoiding drug-drug interaction. Conclusion: Future studies Osimertinib cost should focus on identifying mechanisms by which PPIs increase the risk of gout relapse and explore drugs with minor gastrointestinal bleeding hazard. Key Word(s): 1. proton pump; 2. uric acid; 3. gastric ulcer; Presenting Author: JIAQIANG DONG Additional Authors: YULONG SHANG, KAI LI, KAICHUN WU, YONGZHAN NIE, DAIMING FAN Corresponding Author: YONGZHAN NIE, DAIMING FAN Affiliations: Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases & State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University Objective: The ability to predict chemo-resistance would be valuable since multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the major obstacle to successful chemotherapy treatment in gastric cancer (GC).