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AI pode apresentar-se de 3 formas: crónica; aguda, semelhante this website a hepatite aguda viral ou tóxica, podendo ser fulminante; assintomática, provavelmente subdiagnosticada ao não avaliar corretamente alterações das enzimas hepáticas. A HAI parece ser mais grave na criança do que no adulto, pois aquando da apresentação mais de 50% têm cirrose e as formas mais ligeiras da doença são muito menos observadas. Dos 33 casos de HAI agora apresentados, em 63,6% (n = 21) a forma de apresentação foi hepatite colestática aguda. Destes, 2 crianças tinham critérios de insuficiência hepática aguda, com necessidade de internamento

em cuidados intensivos. Cinco doentes eram assintomáticos, tendo sido detetadas alterações analíticas em exames de rotina. O curso mais agressivo da doença e relatos de que o atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento afetam negativamente a evolução levam a que se considere deverem ser tratadas com imunossupressores todas as crianças com HAI, de forma diferente ao CT99021 solubility dmso que acontece no adulto1. Não existem estudos randomizados e controlados sobre tratamento de HAI pediátrica, mas vários

estudos com 17 ou mais crianças documentaram a eficácia de esquemas semelhantes aos utilizados em adultos6, 7 and 8. Apesar da gravidade inicial da doença, a resposta ao tratamento com corticoides, com ou sem azatioprina, é habitualmente excelente na criança, havendo normalização das provas hepáticas após 6-9 meses de tratamento, em 75-90% dos casos1. Na casuística apresentada

nesta revista, todas as 33 crianças com HAI iniciaram tratamento com prednisolona, tendo sido acrescentada azatioprina em apenas 8. Houve muito boa resposta à terapêutica, sendo de salientar que tratando-se de um centro de referência com transplantação hepática, existirá provavelmente um viés, com casos de maior gravidade. Ainda assim, e tal como é mencionado no estudo, houve melhoria com terapêutica médica em 6 crianças que tinham sido referenciadas para transplante. A prednisona é o pilar em praticamente todos os regimes Megestrol Acetate terapêuticos para crianças, sendo habitualmente administrada inicialmente, na dose de 1-2 mg/kg dia (até 60 mg). Os esquemas de regressão são muito variáveis. Em alguns centros tem sido advogado um rápido switch para regime em dias alternados, enquanto noutros a manutenção de uma dose baixa diária de corticoide é considerada essencial. Devido ao efeito deletério sobre o crescimento, desenvolvimento ósseo e aspeto físico de doses intermédias ou elevadas de corticoide, é habitualmente recomendada a associação precoce de azatioprina (1-2 mg/kg dia) ou 6-mercaptopurina (1,5 mg/kg dia) desde que não haja contraindicações. Não existe muita experiência com azatioprina isoladamente como terapêutica de manutenção, mas parece ser uma boa opção nos casos em que não se consegue suspender completamente o tratamento.

In many instances IC50 (or I50) values are reported. These are simply defined as the amount of inhibitor that gives a 50% decrease

in activity. For reversible inhibitors these have little meaning unless one knows the type of inhibition and the substrate concentrations. The relationships between IC50Ki and Km values and substrate concentrations for the different types of inhibition have been reported ( Dixon et al., 1979 and McDonald and Tipton, 2002). For irreversible, time-dependent www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html inhibitors the value will depend on the time for which the enzyme was pre-incubated with inhibitor before assay. In the presence of excess inhibitor one would expect the IC50 to approach a value of half the enzyme concentration as the pre-incubation time is increased. Such considerations mean that the use of IC50 values should be discouraged, indeed, many authors have been discouraging their use for over half a century, but the fact remains that tables of such values continue to appear in the literature

(especially in the pharmacological literature) posing the dilemma as to whether to include them. Few people enjoy filling out forms. In fact some would prefer a visit to the dentist to having to do so. Nevertheless, it is important to collect the data in tabular form if they are Tofacitinib to be made easily accessible and also to provide checklists for authors, and journals to ensure that the necessary data have been

provided. A problem is that although it is relatively easy to list what data one would like to have, it becomes more convoluted and quasi-legalistic when put on a form in terms of information fields to be completed. The nastier and more complicated the form, the more the resistance one might expect from the user. The design Elongation factor 2 kinase of such a data deposition form has been a major preoccupation of the STRENDA Commission and it has undergone many revisions before the current on-line form that is that is planned to be released in the first half of 2014. Currently, on the STRENDA website a prototype of the productive version is provided for further comments and suggestions for improvement (http://www.beilstein-institut.de/en/projects/strenda; Apweiler et al., 2010). Over 30 international journals (listed on the STRENDA website) have, so far, encouraged adherence to the STRENDA guidelines and it is hoped those working in the field will see the advantage of following them in reporting their own data. It is not the function of the STRENDA Commission to force scientists to use the form before their data can be published, rather it is to be hoped that they will come to appreciate the value of doing so. As well as collecting information, it is important to make it readily and freely accessible to everyone who may want to use it. That involves creating a database.

cereus and Gram-negative E. coli were incubated with increasing concentrations of mono-PEG-StAP3 fraction for 6 h at 37 °C. Results obtained here show that mono-PEG-StAP3 was able to kill bacterial cells in a dose-dependent manner ( Fig. 4). The antibacterial activity of mono-PEG-StAP3 was more effective against B. cereus than E. coli. The IC50 values were approximately 13.2 and 96.2 μg/ml mono-PEG-StAP3, respectively ( Table 1). The IC50 values of mono-PEG-StAP3 find more were approximately 4 times

lower on B. cereus, and approximately 1.6 times higher on E. coli compared to the StAP3 native form [30]. The greater susceptibility of mono-PEG-StAP3′s antimicrobial effect on B. cereus compared to E. coli may be accounted for the bacterial cell membrane

composition. Gram-negative bacteria have a cytoplasmatic membrane and an additional outer membrane that surrounds the cell, providing a barrier to mono-PEG-StAP3, whereas Gram-positive bacteria have only cytoplasmatic membrane [65] and [66]. In comparison, PEGylation of antimicrobial peptides selleck kinase inhibitor tachyplesin I, nisin, α-defensin, and magainin with 5 kDa PEG chains led to a drastic decrease or even a complete loss of their antibacterial activities [64], [67], [68] and [69]. Nevertheless, the extent of the reduction in activity is strongly dependent on the peptide/protein evaluated. It is possible that mono-PEG-StAP3 decreases its ability to efficiently permeate the outer membrane due

to a large steric hindrance of the PEG moiety, similar to that reported for PEGylated tachyplesin I and magainin [64] and [68]. Some antimicrobial peptides such as melittin, gramicidin S, CaLL, and surfactant protein B are also cytotoxic to mammalian cells, e.g. erythrocytes [70], [71], [72] and [73]. Therefore, only antimicrobial peptides/proteins and their derivatives with high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity to the healthy eukaryotic cells are of practical interest. The hemolytic activity of mono-PEG-StAP3 fraction was tested in vitro on hRBC to investigate whether PEGylation affects the selective cytotoxicity of StAP3. As shown in Table 2, mono-PEG-StAP3 did not show significant hemolytic activity at all concentrations assayed. Several reports relate the hemolytic activity of antimicrobial peptides with their capacity to Rolziracetam strongly interact with either membranes, containing cholesterol or not [74] and [75]. As for the case of antimicrobial peptides unable to lyse red blood cells [76], the presence of cholesterol into the LUVs membranes strongly diminishes the capacity of StAsp-PSI to produce leakage at all concentration assayed [29]. The presence of cholesterol in the membranes causes a reduction in the density of hydrophilic head groups at the interfacial region of the bilayer and an increase in the packaging of the phospholipid tails in the middle of the bilayer [77].

Furthermore, expression of AR in pAkt+/pPTEN− subgroup Fulvestrant price could be useful in distinguishing BCa with more favorable prognosis. Future studies on larger cohort of patients would be helpful in establishing the role of AR, pAkt, and pPTEN expression as significant independent prognostic and predictive factors in patients with BCa. We are thankful to Aga Khan University for financial and technical support, the Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Zubair Ahmed) for assisting with retrieval of archival blocks, Amna Rehana Siddiqui from King Saud University for reviewing the manuscript and helpful suggestions, and all patients who

contributed tissue specimen blocks that were used in the study. “
“Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1],

non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85%. Along with the discovery of somatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutations benefit from EGFR-TKI therapy [2], [3] and [4]. Since then, targeted therapies according to gene mutations lead a new trend in tumor therapy. Subsequently, more driver mutations are found in NSCLC, including many fusion gene mutations, such as anaplastic GDC0199 lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS1 and RET. Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 (EML4)-ALK is the first targetable fusion gene to be identified in NSCLC [5]. The fusion is found about 2-7% in lung cancer [5], [6], [7] and [8]. Other genes which can fuse with ALK had also been found, including KIF5B and TFG [7], [9] and [10]. In NSCLC never/light smokers without EGFR Molecular motor mutation the mutation frequency of EML4-ALK was 33% [11], and in lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusions having wild-type

EGFR and measurable target lesions it was reported as 34% [12]. Many drugs that target EML4-ALK had been discovered, such as crizotinib, which was effective in ALK-rearranged NSCLC [13] and approved by US food and drug administration (FDA) in treating ALK-positive NSCLC. ROS1 was also reported to be a target of crizotinib [14] and [15], but its frequency only ranges from 0.7-1.7% [13], [15], [16] and [17] in lung adenocarcinoma. RET, as another fusion gene, is rarely detected in NSCLC, which is reported from 1-2% [18], [19] and [20]. Several drugs (sunitinib, sorafenib, and vandetanib) that target RET fusions are effective [18] and [21]. Molecular typing is essential for NSCLC patients to select the optimal treatment. Although tumor tissue is the most valuable specimen for gene mutation detection, it is not always available especially for advanced NSCLC patients that are old aged and have inoperable tumor. In advanced lung cancer patients, 50% has malignant pleural effusions and 80% of the effusions can find tumor cells in microscope [22] and [23]. Therefore, this kind of cytological samples could be a surrogate to tumor tissues.

For estimating POM, as in the case of SPM, the value of bbp(443) also seems to be the most appropriate from the statistical point of view. The following statistical formula is suggested (see Table 1 and Figure 3b): equation(2) POM=37.6(bbp(443))0.774.POM=37.6bbp4430.774. The standard error factor X in this case is 1.48, which is not much higher than in the case of the SPM formula given by equation (1). Please note at this point, that for the southern Baltic Sea samples taken into consideration in this work, the variation in the ratio between

POM and SPM concentrations was rather limited. As reported by the author earlier (see S.B. Woźniak et al. (2011)), the average value of POM/SPM for southern Baltic samples was about 0.8 and the appropriate coefficient of variation (CV, defined as the ratio LDK378 concentration of the standard deviation to the average value and expressed as a percentage) of that ratio was only about 22%. This means that in most cases the composition of suspended matter encountered in the southern Baltic is dominated by organic

matter. This fact may explain and justify the existence of similarly strong statistical relationships between SPM and bbp, and between POM and bbp. With regard to the estimation of POC concentrations, it turns out that the statistical results are slightly better when coefficients an rather than bbpare used. The following formula for the Selleckchem BTK inhibitor blue light wavelength of 443 nm (see Table 1 Cediranib (AZD2171) and Figure 3c) gave the best statistical results: equation(3) POC=0.766(an(443))0.971.POC=0.766an4430.971. However, the standard error factor X in this case is 1.59, a distinctly higher value than in the case

of formulas  (1) and (2). Thus it is expected that the quality of the estimates of POC concentrations with formula  (3) would in most cases be inferior to that for SPM or POM. Finally, for estimating Chl a the best statistical results are obtained for the following formula based on coefficient an at the green light wavelength of 555 nm (see Table 1 and Figure 3d): equation(4) Chla=50.7an5550.975. This formula has a standard error factor X of 1.54 (note that this time the other formula based on coefficient an at the blue band of 443 nm has a higher standard error factor of 1.59). All four simplified empirical formulas presented above ((1), (2), (3) and (4)) are put forward as the best candidates from among the 16 different statistical formulas listed in Table 1. Obviously, these four formulas offer a potential accuracy that is rather limited and far from perfect – the corresponding standard error factors X lie between 1.43 and 1.59 – so everyone interested in the potential application of these formulas has to be aware of this.

After electrophoresis, the gel was washed for 30 min in 50 mM Tris–HCl,

pH 7.4, containing 2.0% (w/v) Triton X-100, at room Selleck Ivacaftor temperature. Next, the buffer was replaced and the gel was washed again. After removal of all residues of SDS, the gel was incubated for 16 h in 50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, containing 150 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM CaCl2, at 37 °C. It was then stained with 0.5% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 in 40% (v/v) methanol and 10% (v/v) acetic acid for 1 h. Destaining was performed in 40% (v/v) methanol and 10% (v/v) acetic acid. Venom proteinases hydrolyzed the casein dissolved in the gel, presenting clear zones against the blue background. The molecular weights of LAAOs were estimated by zymography, as described by Campos et al. (2012). Briefly, 40 μg of each venom sample was electrophoresed under non-reducing conditions and the gel was treated with 150 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with 1.0% Triton X-100 for removing SDS residues. The gel was then overlaid on another gel prepared in 150 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.4, supplemented with 1.0% agarose, 0.8 U/mL HRP, 2.5 mM l-leucine, and OPD diluted as indicated by the manufacturer. The presence of the enzymes was confirmed by the appearance of yellowish bands. For elucidating the PARP phosphorylation activity of venom enzymes (PLA2, proteinases, and LAAO), we sorted enzymatic activities

in Bothrops venom into different levels, namely, low, moderate and high. The classification was performed using the results of the hemolytic, proteolytic and LAAO activity assays. The results of the zymograms were excluded, since they do not necessarily reflect the activity of all proteins. This classification is restricted to venom from the species included in this study and the specific methods used. Results are indicated as means and standard

Atazanavir deviations. Data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. In order to compare the Bothrops venoms, in terms of their biological activity, we tested the PLA2, proteinase, and LAAO groups of enzymes. All venoms demonstrated PLA2 activity, as evidenced by their hemolytic effects (Fig. 1). Although B. moojeni venom displayed a more rapid decrease in absorbance, followed by the venoms of B. neuwiedi and B. jararacussu, these three venoms showed no significant differences after 90 min of reaction time had elapsed. B. alternatus venom showed significantly lower PLA2 activity while the venom of B. jararaca displayed an intermediate activity level. Bothrops venoms also demonstrated proteinase activity but with significant quantitative differences ( Fig. 2). B. moojeni venom showed significantly higher proteinase activity, followed by B. neuwiedi venom. B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, and B. alternatus venoms showed significantly lower proteinase activity ( Fig. 8). Significant LAAO activity was also observed in all the tested venoms (Fig. 3).

19 ± 0.09 PSU in May to 38.5 ± 0.09 PSU in September; and the monthly average evaporation rates over the study period ranged from 1.78 ± 0.78 mm day− 1 in April to 3.91 ± 1.08 mm day− 1 in August. In the summer, surface temperature and evaporation reached their maximum values, as did surface salinity values. Another test of the model simulations

was to investigate the water mass structure throughout the EMB. By comparing modelled and observed ocean data, an independent test of the approach could be performed. The results are presented in Figure 10a, in which three water masses, i.e. Atlantic water (AW) at the surface, Levantine intermediate water (LIW) at an intermediate depth, and deep water, can be identified in the T–S diagram. Deep water masses are more obvious in the observations than in the modelled data owing to the coarse model resolution. To analyse the sensitivity of the Z-VAD-FMK in vitro PROBE-EMB model to changes

in inflows, two sensitivity runs were performed by adding ± 15% of the mean value of Qin (1.16 × 106 m3 s− 1) to all Qin values ( Figure 10 and Figure 11). We conclude that changes in Qin within the ± 15% range bring about only minor changes in the vertical distribution of salinity and temperature, which indicates that the assumption of extrapolating the 4-year period of the AVISO database over the whole period studied is acceptable. buy GSK J4 The water balance of EBM is controlled by the Sicily Channel exchange (Qin and Qout), river runoff (Qf), and net precipitation, i.e. the difference between the precipitation and evaporation rates ( equation (1)). The various water balance components, except precipitation and river runoff, are modelled Oxalosuccinic acid using the PROBE-EMB model. Table 1 and Figure 12 show the estimated monthly and annual mean water balances of the EMB averaged over 52 years. Moreover, the annual mean of the difference between inflow and outflow and the net precipitation flow, i.e. As(P − E), are illustrated together with Qf in Figure 13. The results indicate that the in- and outflows are of

the order of 106 m3 s− 1, while the difference between them is approximately two orders less. This difference between the in- and outflows was balanced mainly by net precipitation and river runoff, the net precipitation being approximately 3 times greater than the river discharge. The water balance was thus mainly controlled by the in- and outflows through the Sicily Channel and by the net precipitation. The results also indicate that the maximum monthly mean value of Qin occurred in April and was 1.43 × 106 m3 s− 1, while the maximum monthly mean value of Qout also occurred in April and was 1.42 × 106 m3 s− 1. The monthly net precipitation reached a maximum in August at 0.068 × 106 m3 s− 1 and a minimum in December at 0.007 × 106 m3 s− 1. Depending on monthly values, the difference between the in- and outflows indicates a positive trend of 3.

Blood was obtained with informed consent. From six subjects, plasma was also prepared from blood in heparin or citrate vials (Becton Dickinson) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by Ficoll separation of heparinized blood

samples. PBMC (3 × 106 cells/ml) supernatants were collected after 2 days culture in AIM-V serum free medium (Gibco) at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Animal samples used were rhesus and cynomolgus macaque plasma (from the Swedish Center for Disease Control, Solna Sweden), and serum from cow and horse (Gibco), mouse and rat (Sigma) and goat (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Suffolk, UK). All samples were stored at − 20 °C until tested. For analysis in ELISA, samples were used as such or were treated with 1 M HCl (50 μl acid/100 μl plasma or serum; 20 μl acid/100 μl PBMC supernatant) click here at RT for 10 min followed by addition of 1 M NaOH with 0.5 M Hepes (50 μl for plasma or serum; 20 μl for PBMC supernatant). The relationship between observed PD0325901 in vitro levels of analytes in the LAP and TGF-β1 ELISA was evaluated by Spearman rank correlation (Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK). Twenty mAbs obtained from mice immunized with Latent TGF-β1 all reacted with LAP1 and Latent TGF-β1 but

not TGF-β1 in indirect ELISA. Combinations of all mAbs were evaluated in capture ELISA. MAb MT593 together with MT517-biotin yielded the best detection of LAP1 and Latent TGF-β1 with no reactivity with TGF-β1 (Fig. 2A). A TGF-β1 ELISA used in parallel displayed the opposite reactivity pattern recognizing only TGF-β1 (Fig. 2B). CHO-K1 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding LAP isoforms and a GFP reporter. In flow cytometry, all plasmids yielded GFP + transfected cells. Expression of LAP was confirmed using a mAb to the C-terminal His6-tag in all LAP isoforms. The frequency of aminophylline GFP + His6+ cells ranged from 8 to 16% with a background < 1% in mock transfectants (Fig. 3A). A similar frequency of LAP1 + transfected cells was found in ELISpot, utilizing

the LAP ELISA mAbs, whereas the other transfectants were negative (data not shown). Purified LAP1 migrated as an 80 kD homodimer in SDS-PAGE and could be reduced to monomers (Fig. 3B). An additional LAP-reactive mAb obtained, MT324, yielded similar results in Western blot (Fig. 3B). Analysis of cell supernatants (Fig. 3C) and lysates (Fig. 3D) from LAP1, -2, − 3 and mock transfectants in the LAP ELISA confirmed a specificity restricted to LAP1. Also the individual reactivity of the LAP ELISA mAbs and mAb MT324, the only mAb functional in Western blot, with LAP1, -2 and − 3 CHO cell supernatants was analyzed. All three mAbs were specific for LAP1 with MT517 displaying the strongest, and MT324 the weakest, reactivity (Fig. 4).

The exact ecological impact of the pearl industry remains unknown to date and will Raf phosphorylation likely be a future direction of investigation. In the past, however, research programs investigated how the lagoon ecosystem carrying capacities could sustain the industry, what could be

the best aquaculture practices, and what were the sanitary risks for the cultivated stocks. We review hereafter these past axes of research. From the early 1980s till to date, research activities have accompanied the black pearl industry. The Etablissement pour la Valorisation des Activités Aquacoles et Marines (EVAAM) was created in 1983 to assist farmers and to develop the market. This is in addition to all the empirical individual research activities taking place in farms to enhance spat collecting, grafting, and farming. Initially, research was not seen as a priority by professionals. Confidentiality of knowledge ruled between farmers. However, massive mortalities in 1985–1986 in Takapoto Atoll showed that virtually nothing was known on the interactions between P. margaritifera and its environment, its capacity to resist to environmental stressors, and possible pathogens. These assessments Navitoclax supplier were beyond the capacities of farmers alone and new research programs were needed. Atoll have been studied for decades in French Polynesia and elsewhere, but not always with a focus

imposed by one bivalve species and black pearl production. The ATOLL, CYEL, and TYPATOLL projects in particular have looked at general aspects of the ecology and functioning of various atoll lagoons, some specifically selected for their lack of human activities (Dufour and Harmelin-Vivien, 1997). Besides description of planktonic and benthic communities, scientists looked very early at primary production, nutrient limitations and organic matter recycling in both the water column and sediments (Sournia and Ricard, 1975, Charpy

and Charpy-Roubaud, 1990, Delesalle and Sournia, 1992 and Dufour et al., 2001). The atolls used for nuclear tests (Moruroa Urease and Fangatau) were also intensively studied (Guille et al., 1993 and Tartinville et al., 1997). Finfish fisheries were investigated in Tikehau Atoll (Intes et al., 1995). Stocks of giant clams have been studied since at least Salvat (1967) and are still of objects of investigations in the Eastern Tuamotu (Andréfouët et al., 2005 and Gilbert et al., 2006). Ciguatera poisoning has also been a major concern for human population health in French Polynesia (Bagnis et al., 1985). Finally, the geology and geomorphology of atolls have been studied and mapped under the light of late Holocene sea level variations, lithospheric processes, and exposure to dominant swell (McNutt and Menard, 1978, Pirazzoli et al., 1988 and Andréfouët et al., 2001a).

Nonetheless, it has to be kept in mind that the evaluation of the degree of stenosis must always include the study of the vessel wall and cannot be excluded,

also Selleckchem MG-132 for its importance in analyzing plaque morphology, to identify the “unstable plaque” [19]. In this study, only the 3D reconstruction of the residual lumen detected with Power mode was applied. This method, even though images presented may seem impressive, have to be considered with caution, similarly to all the techniques that reconstruct imaging only from the inward flow. This is particularly true in cases of internal carotid stenosis, because if the plaque is not considered, degree quantification is based on the comparison of what we only suppose to be normal, and hence it may be underestimated. Moreover, in these cases of the 3D US reconstruction, the blood flow pulsating at each cardiac cycle or the acoustic shadow of calcific plaques may create further artifacts: even if the

persistence color setting is set to maximal values, blood flow slowing or stopping during diastole – especially in cases of very high resistive patterns as in the external carotid artery – induce the reduction or absence of signal, an artifact difficult to be eliminated even performing the scan as slow as possible (Fig. 4). Threedimensional ultrasound is a feasible technique when performed by experienced examiners. It can help in the general carotid axis imaging, better presenting the

vessels course and the caliber variations “at a glance”. Threedimensional US reconstructions from the inward flow Ku-0059436 research buy can also provide imaging of stenosis, but its quantification must always take into account the assessment of plaque morphology Chlormezanone and vessels wall, by the exact knowledge of the bidimensional images and of hemodynamic patterns. “
“The conventional ultrasound methods are widely used in ophthalmology for evaluating the eye structures (lens, vitreous, chambers, retina, optic discs and optic nerves) and eye circulation (ophthalmic arteries and veins) mainly in the presence of cataract or other processes, hindering the ophthalmoscopy [1], [2] and [3]. Recently the volume 3D/4D eye ultrasound imaging in adults has been introduced [4] which provides additional information for the structural and functional eye changes in normal and pathological conditions. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of 4D ultrasound imaging in patients with eye pathology and neuro-ophthalmic syndromes. Fifteen healthy controls (10 women and 5 men, mean age 47 ± 10 years, age range 21–69 years) and 15 patients (9 women and 6 men, mean age 45 ± 17 years, age range 21–84 years) with visual problems were studied: 10 patients with papilledema, 3 patients with retinal detachment, 1 man with macular degeneration and 1 man with right intraocular choroidal metastasis.