For the control group that received only chitosan nanoparticles, a significant increase of the IgG titles could not be observed. When comparing the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide with the chitosan nanoparticles a significant difference in the antibody production was not observed. Although aluminum hydroxide remains the only vaccine adjuvant widely licensed for human use, aluminum-related toxicities have become a recent concern and it is not readily biodegradable (Bergfors et al., 2003, Petrovsky and Aguilar, 2004, Thierry-Carstensen

and Stellfeld, 2004 and Zaharoff et al., 2007), so chitosan, Smad inhibitor clinical trial a non-toxic biodegradable polycationic polymer with low immunogenicity (Richardson et al., 1999), presents advantages when compared with the aluminum hydroxide. The chitosan when applied as an adjuvant in vaccines for immunization can provide considerably effective immune

response and may promote production of antibody equivalent to aluminum hydroxide, but with the added advantage of being less or non-inflammatory and it can provide a modified release of antigen, which can promote obtaining antibody titers in http://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL184.html serum with the administration of a smaller amount of antigen. Furthermore, this study shows an immunization adjuvant system for scorpion venom that might be used in the future to obtain new sera using other antigens such as venoms of snakes, spiders, wasps, bees, centipedes, caterpillars, frogs, toads, ants and insects amongst others. And finally, this approach might be Etofibrate used to obtain new biotechnological products in this field. This research was supported by CNPq, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Laboratory of Technology and Biotechnology Pharmaceutical, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The authors were also grateful to Andrew Alastair Cumming for editing this manuscript. “
“The plant Prosopis juliflora, popularly known as algaroba or algarobeira, is a shrub belonging

to the family Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoideae. The genus Prosopis contains 44 species distributed in the arid and semiarid regions of the Americas, North Africa and East Asia. Some piperidine alkaloids are present in these species, such as juliprosopine, julifloricine, julifloridine, and juliprosinene ( Tabosa et al., 2000); according to Ahmad et al. (1991), juliprosopine ( Fig. 1) is present in all parts of the plant, including the fruit. The intoxication after consuming P. juliflora pods has been reported in cattle and goats in the USA ( Dollahite and Anthony, 1957; Dollahite, 1964) and Brazil ( Figueiredo et al., 1996; Lima et al., 2004), and in goats in Peru ( Baca et al., 1966). In Brazil, the algaroba is a major problem because the lack of food during the driest times of the year and its high palatability and nutritional value make the fruits of algaroba (pods) much appreciated by cattle, goats, sheep and other animals ( Silva, 1989; Tabosa et al., 2004; Mahgoub et al., 2005).