Briefly, S. marcescens cells

were cultured in LB containing EDDA (2 mM) at 30°C or 37°C and harvested at log phase. Bacteria (1.2 × 108 cells in 50 μl PBS) were mixed with 70 μl RBC and centrifuged (500 × g for 1 min). The mixture was incubated for 60 min at 30°C or 37°C with shaking. Hemoglobin Citarinostat supplier released from lysed RBC was measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Osmotic lysis of RBC in distilled water was taken as 100% hemolysis. The hemolytic activity of purified PhlA in solution was measured as described previously [24, 25], with the following modification. The RBC suspension containing 0.15 mg lecithin/ml, 0.06% taurocholic acid and 2 mM CaCl2 was incubated with His-PhlA at 37°C for 1 h. After centrifugation

(500 × g for 10 min) Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor the supernatant was assayed spectrophotometrically. RBC were not lysed by this low concentration of taurocholic acid. Detection of phospholipase A activity Fluorogenic, BODIPY FL-labeled, phospholipase A substrates bis-BODIPY FL C11-PC, PED6, and PED-A1 (Invitrogen) were used to determine the specificities of PLA1 and PLA2. The bis-BODIPY FL C11-PC is glycerophosphocholine with BODIPY FL dye-labeled sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains. PED-A1 and PED6 are glycerophosphoethanolamine with dye-labeled sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains, respectively. The bis-BODIPY FL C11-PC was self-quenched, and PED-A1 and PED6 fluorescence was quenched by added dinitrophenol. Release of the fluorophores by acyl chain cleavage SCH772984 by either PLA1 or PLA2 results in increased fluorescence. Each substrate solution (45 nM) was prepared in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 100 mM NaCl, and 10 mM CaCl2 [26]. A 90 μl sample of each substrate solution was incubated with various concentrations of enzymes (10 μl) in 96-well plates for 6 min, and fluorescence intensity was measured. The fluorescence background for each quenched substrate solution was determined without PhlA treatment. Fluorescence intensity was measured at 485 nm excitation and 530 nm emission using an Appliskan

fluorescence microplate reader (Thermo Electron Corporation). Assay for free fatty acids from phospholipids Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) released from phospholipids (PLs) were quantitated by an enzymatic colorimetric method using a NEFA-C kit (Wako chemical, Japan) [27]. Substrate Enzalutamide solubility dmso solutions were prepared by dissolving 5 mg of various phospholipids in 1 ml of a solution of 2% taurocholic acid and 10 mM CaCl2. A 29 μl sample of each substrate solution was mixed with 1 μl His-PhlA and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Background NEFA absorbance was estimated using non-His-PhlA treated substrates. NEFA concentrations were calculated from a calibration curve determined using oleic acid as a standard. Thin-layer chromatography PC (0.65 mM) was incubated with 8.3 μM His-PhlA at 37°C for 1 h in the presence of 2% taurocholic acid and 10 mM CaCl2. The reaction was terminated by placing the samples on ice.