UN biome definitions were used in this instance to calculate carbon storage, and Olson et al. (2001) biome codes are supplemented in parentheses to aid comparison see more with other data. Total carbon storage is defined in this instance as carbon in above- and below-ground biomass, litter and soil organic matter to 1 m depth. Uncertainty exists in each of these estimates and the carbon content of peatland soils in particular may be under accounted. For example, the boreal forest

biome has ~ 500 Pg C attributed to soil storage alone at 1 m depth, according to the estimate by Tarnocai et al. (2009). The authors are grateful to the NERC for supporting this research (grant NE/H023690/1). We would also like to thank Dr. Sara Rassner at Aberystwyth University for ARC-GIS assistance. “
“Reliable human exposure models are critical for understanding human health risks from chemicals. The U.S. EPA has developed, refined, applied, and evaluated the probabilistic SHEDS-Multimedia model to improve estimates of human exposure to multimedia, multipathway chemicals

to support both aggregate and cumulative assessments (Zartarian et al., 2006, Zartarian et al., 2012, Xue et al., 2006 and Xue et al., 2010a; http://www.epa.gov/heasd/research/sheds/). SHEDS-Multimedia is a physically-based (simulates human contact with chemicals), probabilistic model that can simulate aggregate or cumulative exposures over time via dietary and residential routes of exposure for a variety of multimedia,

check details multipathway environmental chemicals. SHEDS-Multimedia can be linked with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to characterize variability and uncertainty Bay 11-7085 in risk assessments. It is important to evaluate model estimates with available biomarker data. Pyrethroids are the latest class of insecticides in global use and are replacing organophosphates in agricultural and consumer applications (Nishi et al., 2006). Pyrethroids are used in agricultural, forest, textile, and public health programs worldwide (Heudorf and Angerer, 2001). With the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA), EPA is required to consider available information concerning the cumulative effects on human health resulting from exposure to multiple chemicals that have a common mechanism of toxicity when making decisions related to pesticide tolerances (EPA OPP, 2011). In their review of 22 rodent studies, Shafer et al. (2005) reported that pyrethroids exert their neurotoxicity by slowing the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium channels in insect and mammalian nerve cells and associations between in utero exposures and persistent changes in neurochemistry, motor activity, behavior, and learning. Zartarian et al.