tolaasii 2192T inoculation developed significantly lighter lesion

tolaasii 2192T inoculation developed significantly lighter lesions than those inoculated with P. tolaasii 2192T alone (average intensity = 0.015 and 0.016 1/PV ± 0.0005 respectively, n = 30 in both cases, vs. 0.019 1/PV ± 0.0005 for mushrooms inoculated with P. tolaasii 2192T alone). This demonstrates that Bdellovibrio effectively reduces the dark lesions of brown blotch disease caused by P. tolaasii, and that this reduction is slightly greater where Bdellovibrio is added before P. tolaasii. The significance of the difference selleck chemicals in lesion

intensities between B. bacteriovorus HD100 treated and untreated, P. tolaasii 2192T inoculated mushrooms was greater when Bdellovibrio was added before P. tolaasii 2192T than when added after (Student’s t-test p < 0.001 for B. bacteriovorus HD100 added before P. tolaasii 2192T vs. P. tolaasii 2192T alone, p < 0.01 for B. bacteriovorus HD100 added after P. tolaasii 2192T vs. P. tolaasii 2192T alone). Bdellovibrio application may therefore be more effective as a preventative measure to protect mushrooms against brown blotch disease, rather than a treatment

for an already infected mushroom crop, and could be explored as a background AG-014699 research buy addition to mushroom compost or casing layers to maintain “health”. Scanning Electron Microscope images show B. bacteriovorusattachment and bdelloplast formation in P. tolaasiicells To confirm whether the reduction in P. tolaasii 2192T numbers and brown blotch lesion intensity was due to B. bacteriovorus HD100 predation in funga or another Bindarit nmr competition for resources, from the interaction between P. tolaasii and Bdellovibrio was monitored in samples from the surface of the post-harvest A. bisporus (shown untreated in Figure 3a), 48 hours after mushroom treatments, using Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM). P. tolaasii 2192T added alone to the mushroom pileus accumulated together, in an arrangement parallel to the pileus surface, in the pits present between chitin fibres (Figure 3b). Fibrillar structures attached to the P. tolaasii 2192T cells were frequently observed, which have also been documented in previous microscopic studies [36]. These resemble pili, with extracellular polymeric substances laid down on them, and may allow P. tolaasii to adhere tightly to the mushroom surface and to each other in a biofilm, to rapidly initiate disease (Figure 3b [37]). B. bacteriovorus HD100 added alone to the mushroom surface survived after 48 hours and also accumulated in the small pits between chitin fibres (Figure 3c). Figure 3 Predatory interactions between Bdellovibrio and P. tolaasii “ in funga” on the mushroom pileus surface. Scanning Electron Microscope images showing the mushroom pileus surface 48 hours after the following treatments: a. untreated mushroom pileus surface b. inoculation of P. tolaasii 2192T alone c. Inoculation of B. bacteriovorus HD100 alone d. and e. Co-inoculation of P. tolaasii 2192T and B. bacteriovorus HD100 and f.

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