Tibetan and the fatty Rongchang pigs. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes Out of 4,309 high confidence and well annotated probe targeted genes, we identi fied five, MG132 manufacturer 444 and 1,359 differ entially expressed genes between the sexes and the two tissues, and among the three breeds, respectively. These DEGs could discriminate the different breeds, sexes and tissues. The high number of DEGs among three pig breeds implies distinct muscle features among different pig breeds. In addition, the biological replicates corre lated with each other, which suggested experimental reliability and further highlighted the low variation in gene ex pression profiles across different individuals. We found that the breed specific DEGs were signifi cantly enriched in the Gene Ontology categories of protein metabolism and RNA metabolism.

Various well known genes involved in growth and development of skeletal muscles were identified. For example, myostatin, a secreted transforming growth factor beta protein family member, inhibits the differentiation and growth of muscle and Akt induced protein synthesis. The expression level of MSTN was highest in Rongchang pigs and lowest in Landrace pigs, which is consistent with the breeds characteristics. Myogenin transforms potential mesoderm cells to sarcoblasts, and has a critical role in the terminal dif ferentiation of the specified muscle cells. Among the three breeds, the expression levels of MYOG were highest in Tibetan pigs and lowest in Rongchang pigs.

This result suggests that the breed specific differences in muscle were mainly related to the protein translation process, which is consistent with previous studies. Additionally, we found breed specific DEGs that were over represented in the neurological system process, which highlights the important roles of myoblast lineage and innervations in the diversification of skeletal muscle fiber types. Tissue specific DEGs were significantly enriched in energy metabolism GSK-3 related processes, which is consistent with the distinct features of energy expenditure regulation between the LDM and PMM. Energy availability is important in the formation of mature muscle fibers and is essential for muscle prolifer ation and differentiation. Louis et al. reported that the energy content of cultured satellite cells is related to the hypertrophy of myofibres in vitro, which indicated a direct connection between energy metabolism and myogenesis.

Cagnazzo et al. also demonstrated that myogenic differentiation and energy metabolism were directly selleck chem connected processes. Genes involved in energy metabolism were identified. For example, MDH1, PDK3 and GOT1 play important roles in sympathetic induced metabolism, which is involved in modulating the activity of glyceroneogenesis. MDH1, PDK3 and GOT1 showed lower gene expression levels in the LDM than in PMM, which agreed with previous reports. We also found that tissue specific DEGs were over represented in the ubiquitin proteasome