These STIs remain important causes of infertility, and maternal, perinatal, and neonatal morbidity. While the global response to other infectious diseases has been to prioritise the development of vaccines, there has been less evidence of this in the history of investment and scientific advance in STI vaccine development. Whether because of the scientific challenge, concerns about return on investment, or the social stigma attached to STIs, this area of R&D seems not to have enjoyed the same enthusiasm that has been shown for other vaccines. The two exceptions that could spark enthusiasm

for STD vaccine research and development, and could galvanise stakeholders into renewed activity, are the remarkable success in development and introduction of hepatitis B vaccines and find protocol more recently of human papilloma virus vaccines. Although stigma and politics have somewhat slowed the roll-out of vaccines against these sexually Enzalutamide transmitted pathogens, progress has nevertheless been steady, even in the United States, where there is already

evidence of the impact of the HPV vaccine in reducing the spread of oncogenic HPV types. Population coverage has been very impressive in countries like Australia, Rwanda and Canada, where responsible political leadership has facilitated the marketing of HPV vaccine to protect women. The uptake and impact of both hepatitis B and HPV vaccines demonstrate that, with a serious investment in science, a careful analysis of the public

health need and of potential global markets, and with potential leadership breakthrough, development, manufacturing, and roll-out of STI vaccines can be achieved. The adoption of the Decade of Vaccines and the strategic direction laid out in the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) now provide us in 2014 with a global push towards new innovation in vaccine development for previously neglected diseases. The GVAP states that ‘New and improved vaccines are expected to become available during this decade, based on the robust vaccine pipeline that includes several products for diseases that are Phosphoprotein phosphatase not currently preventable through vaccination.’ The GVAP emphasizes the importance of engaging with end users to prioritise vaccines and innovations according to perceived demand and added value. The WHO estimated that 500 million persons globally were newly infected in 2008 with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, or Trichomonas vaginitis. The prevalence of HSV infection in 2003 has been estimated at over 530 million persons ages 15–49. There is little doubt that vaccines that would prevent these infections would be welcomed by these end users. The proposal of a roadmap for STI vaccine development is supported by the priorities within the GVAP and success in this initiative would also contribute to the relevance and prominence of the Decade of Vaccines as a meaningful intervention.