These results indicate that BSE infection affects the homeostasis of serotonergic neurons and suggest that the disruption of prion protein normal function contributes to the early pathological changes in our mouse model of BSE. A similar process may occur in the human variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, as suggested by the early symptoms of alterations in mood, sleep and pain sensitivity. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose:

We evaluated the long-term success rate of an abdominovaginal approach using a rotational bladder flap to repair giant vesicovaginal fistula.

Materials and Methods: A total of 35 patients were included in this study. Of these CBL0137 datasheet patients 28 had a large vesicovaginal fistula and 7 had complete loss of the urethral floor. Fistula etiology was secondary to obstructed labor in 25 patients, the result of iatrogenic surgical injuries in 5, sling erosion in 3 and pelvic irradiation in 2. Using combined abdominal and vaginal approaches the bladder was bisected sagittally, and a bladder flap was rotated downward and medially to fill the extensive fistula defect. An additional vascularized flap was interposed in 23 patients including gracilis muscle flap in 13, omental flap in Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor 5, peritoneal flap in 2 and

Martius flap in 3.

Results: Fistulas were successfully repaired in 31 of 35 patients (88%). The remaining 4 patients underwent surgical correction with a second, more limited

repair. This group included 2 patients with fistula from obstructed labor, 1 due to sling erosion and I due to second irradiation.

Conclusions: A combined abdominovaginal approach with the use of a generous rotational bladder flap for repair of a complex vesicovaginal fistula allowed for excellent results. There was a high success rate on the first attempt due to the excellent exposure and healthy, well vascularized tissue used for repair.”
“Corticostriatal projections constitute the major inputs to basal ganglia, an ensemble of sub-cortical nuclei involved in the learning of cognitive-motor sequences in response to environmental stimuli. Besides striatal output neurons (medium-sized spiny neurons, MSNs) in charge of the detection of cortical activity, three main classes of interneurons (GABAergic, cholinergic and nitric oxide (NO)-synthase interneurons) tightly regulate the corticostriatal information transfer. Despite the crucial role of NO on neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity, little is known about corticostriatal synaptic transmission and plasticity at the level of striatal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) interneurons.