The humoral response was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbe

The humoral response was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (for levels of IgG1, IgG2) and a serum neutralization test (SNT), and the cellular response

using an MTT assay. Significantly higher humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were seen in the P12A3C and the IL-18 coinoculated group than that in P12A3C-pcDNA alone and inactivated virus vaccine inoculated groups. Similarly, a higher population of C188-9 price CD4+, CD8+ and T-helper type 1 (Th1), and Th2 cytokine levels were seen in the former group in comparison with the other groups. P12A3C+IL-18 protected all the six animals when challenged with a homologous virus compared with five and four in an inactivated virus vaccine and the P12A3C-pcDNA groups, respectively. These results have shown that the plasmid encoding for P12A3C-pcDNA, when coinoculated with IL-18, induced

higher responses and protected the animals from a virus challenge.”
“Background: Risk factors and outcome in patients who acquire nosocomial infections due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) are rarely investigated.

Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical and microbiological data of patients with nosocomial infections due to A. baumannii in 10 hospitals around selleck chemical Taiwan from May 2004 to December 2006. Comparisons were made between patients with infections due to CRAB and patients with infections due to carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB).

Results: One hundred and twenty-one patients carrying CRAB (infections, n = 91) and 127 patients carrying CSAB (infections, n = 97) were recruited for analysis. Compared with patients with CSAB infections,

patients with CRAB infections had a longer duration of hospital Autophagy Compound Library stay before A. baumannii was isolated (median 48 vs. 21 days, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have had exposure to a carbapenem (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.57, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.43-5.35; p = 0.02) and an intensive care unit (ICU) stay (AOR 3.42, 95% CI 1.76-5.26; p = 0.008). Risk factors associated with CRAB bacteremia included duration of hospital stay before onset of bacteremia (AOR 1.009 per 1-day longer, 95% CI 1.03-1.24; p = 0.049), prior colonization with A. baumannii (AOR 3.27, 95% CI 1.99-5.93; p = 0.002), and hospitalization in the ICU (AOR 6.12, 95% CI 1.58-13.68; p = 0.009). Patients with CRAB bacteremia had a higher mortality rate than patients with CSAB bacteremia (46.0% vs. 28.3%, p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that carbapenem resistance (AOR 5.31, 95% CI 1.88-13.25; p = 0.002), central venous catheterization (AOR 3.27, 95% CI 1.55-10.56; p = 0.009), and ICU stay (AOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.15-8.85; p = 0.04) were independent variables associated with mortality in patients with A. baumannii bacteremia.

Conclusions: Patients with CRAB infections have a higher mortality rate than those with CSAB infections.

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