The effects of exogenous PAI-1 and CCK8s on gastric emptying were studied after ip administration. Intragastric peptone delayed gastric emptying in C57BL/6 mice by a mechanism sensitive to the CCK-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. Peptone did not delay gastric emptying in PAI-1-H/K beta mice. Exogenous CCK delayed gastric emptying of a control test meal in C57BL/6 mice and this was attenuated by administration of
PAI-1; exogenous CCK had no effect on emptying in PAI-1-H/K beta mice. Prior administration of gastrin to increase gastric PAI-1 inhibited CCK-dependent effects on gastric emptying in C57BL/6 mice but not in PAI-1 null mice. Thus, both endogenous and exogenous PD0332991 solubility dmso PAI-1 inhibit the effects of CCK (whether exogenous LDC000067 or endogenous) on gastric emptying. The data are compatible with emerging evidence that gastric PAI-1 modulates vagal effects of CCK. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The classic chromogranin-secretogranin (granin) proteins are produced in the myocardium and throughout the neuroendocrine system, but while chromogranin (Cg) A and B levels are high in the adrenal medulla, secretogranin (Sg) II production is higher in the pituitary gland. Whether these
differences may influence the response to physical activity is not known.
Methods: We measured circulating granin proteins during (1) a short-term maximal bicycle exercise stress test and (2) a 7 day military ranger course of continuous physical activity and sleep and energy deprivation.
Results: In 9 healthy subjects performing the exercise stress test (7 male, age 45 +/- 5 y [mean +/- SEM], duration 10.13 Dipeptidyl peptidase +/- 1.14 min), CgB levels increased from before to immediately after the test: 1.20 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.45 +/- 0.09 nmol/L, p = 0.013. Metabolic equivalents, representing an index of performed work, were closely associated with the change (Delta)
in CgB levels during stress testing and explained 74% of the variability in (Delta)CgB levels (p = 0.004). CgA and SgII levels were not increased after exercise stress testing. In the second cohort of 8 male subjects (age 25 +/- 1 y) participating in the ranger course, CgB levels increased from day 1 and wire significantly elevated on days 5 and 7. CgA also increased gradually with levels significantly elevated on day 7, while SgII was markedly increased on day 5 whereas levels on days 3 and 7 were unchanged compared to baseline levels.
Conclusion: We demonstrate a heterogeneous response to short- and long-term physical activities among circulating granin proteins with the most potent effect on CgB levels. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The sensory neuropeptide, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP) is protective against hypertension-induced heart damage and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.