Succinate is a more reduced substrate compared to malate or oxaloacetate, because the complete oxidation of succinate to CO2 results in a higher yield of reducing equivalents. Hence, it can be deduced that use of a highly reducing substrate inhibits the expression of photosynthetic pigments in photoheterotrophic strains of the OM60/NOR5 clade Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor by the accumulation of reductants (e.g., NADH), which affects the intracellular redox state. An influence of the reduction
level of the substrate on the cellular redox poise of the facultatively anaerobic phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum MAPK inhibitor rubrum was demonstrated by Grammel and Gosh [19], who concluded that in this species the substrate-dependent reduction of the ubiquinone pool has a main influence on the regulation of pigment production. A principal effect of substrate utilization on photoheterotrophic growth CUDC-907 purchase in
the absence of a redox-balancing system could be also recently demonstrated by Laguna et al. [20]. They used ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)-deletion strains of facultative anaerobic photoheterotrophic alphaproteobacteria as model organisms and could show that excess reductant produced by the assimilation of DL-malate led to a prevention of photoheterotrophic growth in mutant strains that were not able to consume reductant by CO2 fixation. Figure 1 Correlation of the production of photosynthetic pigments with the type and amount of carbon source in batch cultures. Cultures were incubated under dim light with 12% (v/v) O2 in the headspace gas atmosphere. The amount of produced BChl a is symbolized by red bars for L. syltensis DSM 22749T, blue bars for C. halotolerans DSM 23344T and green bars for P. rubra DSM 19751T. A. The effect of substrate reduction on pigment production is demonstrated by cultivation in defined media containing 10 mM of the respective carbon source. B. The dependence of pigment production on substrate
concentration is shown by cultivation of L. syltensis DSM 22749T in defined medium with 12% (v/v) O2 in the headspace gas atmosphere containing 2.5 mM pyruvate Nitroxoline (1), 5.0 mM pyruvate (2) and 10.0 mM pyruvate (3) as carbon source. C. halotolerans DSM 23344T and P. rubra DSM 19751T were grown in defined medium containing 2.5 mM DL-malate (1), 5.0 mM DL-malate (2) and 10.0 mM DL-malate (3) as carbon source. Numerous independent experiments were performed to determine the influence of oxygen availability and carbon concentration on pigment expression using media containing various amounts of carbon source and/or different concentrations of oxygen in the head space gas atmosphere. Similar results were obtained upon cultivation in closed serum bottles, if either the oxygen concentration was reduced at a constant substrate concentration or the substrate concentration increased at a constant oxygen concentration.