“
“Premise of the study: A growing number of studies document effects of inbreeding on plant interactions with insect herbivores, including deleterious effects on direct and indirect plant defenses. However, our understanding of the specific mechanisms mediating such effects remains limited. Here we examine how inbreeding affects constitutive and induced expression of structural defenses (spines and trichomes) in common horsenettle, Solanum carolinense.\n\nMethods: GSK2126458 manufacturer Inbred and outbred progeny from nine maternal families of horsenettle were assigned to three treatments: control, Manduca sexta caterpillar damage,

or mechanical damage. Numbers of internode spines and the density of abaxial and Elafibranor adaxial trichomes were assessed before and after (21 d) damage treatments. Data on internode length, flowering time, and total flower production was also collected to explore the costs of defense induction.\n\nKey results: Inbreeding adversely affected constitutive and induced physical/structural defenses: undamaged outbred plants produced more abaxial and adaxial leaf trichomes and internode spines than did inbred plants. Foliar damage by M. sexta larvae also induced more trichomes (on new leaves) and internode spines on outbred plants. Both inbred and outbred plants exposed to mechanical or caterpillar damage had shorter internodes than did control plants, but inbred damaged

plants had longer internodes than did outbred damaged plants. Control outbred plants produced significantly more flowers than did control inbred plants or damaged plants MAPK inhibitor of either breeding type.\n\nConclusions: Constitutive and induced structural defenses in horsenettle were negatively affected by inbreeding. Reduced flower production and internode length on damaged plants compared to controls suggests that defense induction entails significant costs.”
“We fabricated a magnetic calcium phosphate nanoformulation by the biomineralization of calcium phosphate on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles with abundant amino groups, and thus the inorganic layer of calcium phosphate can improve

the biocompatibility and simultaneously the magnetic iron oxide can maintain the magnetic targeting function. Two types of anticancer drug models, doxorubicin hydrochloride and DNA, were entrapped in these nanocarriers, respectively. This delivery system displayed high pH sensitivity in drug-controlled release profile as the dissolution of CaP under acid pH condition. Magnetofection was performed to investigate the intracellular uptake and the anti-proliferative effect of tumor cells in the presence of an external magnet. The transfection of the DNA-loaded magnetic system in A549 and HepG2 tumor cells demonstrated that the magnetic nanoformulation could enhance the transfection efficiency to 30% with an applied external magnetic field.