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Res 2008, 23:741–749.CrossRefPubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing Lazertinib interests. Authors’ contributions All authors read and approved the final manuscript. NA and JK participated in data collection, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation. SC, KW, and JR participated in data collection and study management. HL and AY contributed to study design and manuscript preparation. JM served as the principal investigator and contributed to study design, data collection, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the selleck kinase inhibitor final draft.”
“Background Following almost three decades of research, doping has now raised the attention of

health professionals beyond the sporting arena, voicing concerns about doping use on the grounds of protecting physical and psychological well-being of athletes and non-athletes alike [1]. This view is mirrored in publications on doping in sport emphasizing the growing PD184352 (CI-1040) need for effective prevention [2], making a much needed shift from moral reasoning to general health concerns [3, 4], or, at least, implementing harm reduction strategies [4–7] as realistic and sustainable solutions, with a strong focus on athletes’ health [2]. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established in 1999 to promote drug-free sport and to coordinate and monitor the fight against doping.

To date, the prevailing approach to ensuring drug free sport is based on the three key documents (The World Anti-Doping Code, International Standards, and Models of Best Practice and Guidelines), each aiming to ensure harmonised detection and sanctions in nations that are signatories of the WADA anti-doping programme [8]. In recent years, this detection-based deterrence has been complemented with educational initiatives and social marketing campaigns. Despite the clearly Ferrostatin-1 molecular weight stated organisational philosophy declaring that “”a long-term solution to preventing doping is through effective values-based education programs that can foster anti-doping behaviours and create a strong anti-doping culture”" [9], advances in this area are seriously lagging behind those made on the analytical side for drug testing.