Lindgomycetaceae K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer 2010 Lindgomycetaceae was introduced as a monotypic

family represented by Lindgomyces (Hirayama et al. 2010). Lindgomycetaceae is another freshwater family in Pleosporales, which is characterized by its subglobose to globose, ostiolate and papillate ascomata, numerous, septate, branching and anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored asci, fusiform to cylindrical, uni- to multiseptate, hyaline to brown ascospores usually covered with an entire sheath and/or bipolar mucilaginous appendages (Hirayama et al. 2010). Lophiostomataceae Sacc. 1883 The Lophiostomataceae had been characterized by its slot-like ostiole on the top of a flattened neck (Holm and Holm 1988). Based on this, 11 genera were assigned under the Lophiostomataceae,

viz. Byssolophis, 7-Cl-O-Nec1 supplier Cilioplea, Entodesmium, Herpotrichia, Lophiella, Lophionema, Lophiostoma, Lophiotrema, Massariosphaeria, Muroia and Quintaria (Holm and Holm 1988). The Lophiostomataceae was thought to be heterogeneous, as the “papilla form is an unstable and highly adaptive character” (Holm and Holm 1988). Most recent phylogenetic analysis support the monophyletic status of the Lophiostomataceae sensu stricto (which tends to comprise a single genus of Lophiostoma) (Zhang et al. 2009a, b). The familial placement of other genera, however, remains unresolved. Depsipeptide Massarinaceae Afatinib chemical structure Munk 1956 The Massarinaceae was established based on Keissleriella, Massarina, Metasphaeria, Pseudotrichia and Trichometasphaeria (Munk 1956). Subsequently, the Massarinaceae is sometimes treated as a synonym of Lophiostomataceae (Barr 1987b). Based on a multigene phylogenetic study, the generic type of Massarina (M. eburnea) together with M. cisti, Neottiosporina Oxalosuccinic acid paspali and Byssothecium circinans form a well supported clade (Zhang

et al. 2009a, b). It seems that a relatively narrow familial concept should be accepted. Melanommataceae G. Winter 1885 The traditional circumscription of the Melanommataceae was based on its globose or depressed perithecial ascomata, bitunicate and fissitunicate asci, pigmented phragmosporous ascospores as well as the trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (Barr 1990a; Sivanesan 1984). However, the family has recently proved polyphyletic (Liew et al. 2000; Kodsueb et al. 2006a; Kruys et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2007). Bimuria, Ostropella, Trematosphaeria and Xenolophium occur outside Melanommataceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b; Zhang et al. 2009a). Species of Byssosphaeria, Bertiella, Herpotrichia, Pseudotrichia, Pleomassaria as well as Melanomma resided in the clade of Melanommataceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b; Schoch et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2009a). The familial status of many genera previously listed under this family remains to be sorted out (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007). Montagnulaceae M.E.