In the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) report for 2007,8 4.0% of incident Australian patients have CAD, 19.0% have PVD and 13.0% have cerebrovascular disease. Similarly, the rates for incident dialysis patients from New Zealand are 13.0%, 25.0% and 15.0%, respectively. An analysis performed by Roberts

et al.9 using ANZDATA looked at adult incident dialysis patients between 1992 and 2002 and followed them to the end of 2003. During this time 18 113 patients were analysed. Patients with known CVD comprised 48.0% of the cohort and the remainder had no disease. In Australia, CVD was responsible for 51.0% of deaths. The age-specific cardiovascular mortality rate for patients without STI571 purchase CVD at baseline was 2.3 (1.9–2.8) per 100 person years in those aged 35–44 years, and increased to 11.9 (10.5–13.5) per 100 person years for patients aged 75–84 years (Fig. 1). Respectively, these

patients were 121 (98–149) and 5.7 (5.0–6.4) times more likely to die a cardiovascular death than people of similar age in the general population (Fig. 1). Similar findings were demonstrated in the New Zealand cohort. Few studies have assessed mortality rates or risk predictors Ruxolitinib in the period immediately after initiation of dialysis. These studies10–16 suggest an increased mortality rate in the first 90 days; however, it is not clear if this rise is limited to the first 90 days. All-cause and cause-specific mortality were examined in an incident United States cohort who began dialysis <30 days before enrolment into the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) and had at least 1 day of follow-up (n = 4802).16 The risk of death was increased in the first 120 days compared with the period 121–365 days (27.5 vs 21.9 deaths per 100 person-years, P = 0.002). CAD was present in 51.8% of patients, cerebrovascular disease was present in 18.5% and other CVD was present in 29.1% of patients and CCF in

44.6%. Patients with CCF were at increased risk for mortality within 120 days of starting dialysis (adjusted HR 1.71 (1.35–2.17) P < 0.05) but not significantly different for other cardiovascular comorbid conditions. Similarly, in the 2007 USRDS report17 for incident 2004 patients, the overall mortality rate per 1000 patient years increased from 210.8 in month one to 307.8 in month three, ultimately falling to 246.1 in month Osimertinib concentration 12. Overall, 1-year mortality rates were reported to be relatively stable since the 1990s. The USRDS data were recently used to analyse the outcomes of non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death in incident dialysis patients from the years 1997–2001 (n = 214, 890).18 Multivariate analyses were performed employing Cox proportional hazards models using demographics, comorbidities, laboratory variables, body mass index, prior erythropoietin use and mode of dialysis. The relative risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients with prior CAD compared with those without was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.5–1.