If this is the case, one might expect that training would decrease neural activation on the trained task. Such a finding was reported by Brehmer et al.36 They trained older adults on a working memory task for 5 weeks and found that subjects who trained on the most demanding tasks (adaptive training) showed a decrease in activation in frontal, parietal, and occipital regions, which the authors suggested reflected improved neural efficiency

and decreased resource utilization as a result of training. On the other hand, there is a considerable body of literature suggesting that enhanced neural activity is facultative for old adults, so it is also easy to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical imagine findings where training enhances neural activation and behavioral function in older adults. In line with this hypothesis, Nyberg et al7 reported that

mnemonic training in older adults resulted in an increase in activations in occipito-parietal regions, but only for those who showed a training-related behavioral Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical improvement. Young adults showed improvement in these regions as well, but also evidenced increases in frontal regions. Similarly, Carlson et al37 reported that older adults who were highly engaged in the Experience Corps Rigosertib mw intervention (a program where older adults engage in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical support and literacy activities for elementary teachers) showed an increase in prefrontal activity as well as an increase in executive function. Using a different approach, Mozolic et al38 examined changes in cerebral blood flow as a result of training. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical They reported that 6 weeks of attentional training in older adults resulted in an increase in cerebral blood flow to the prefrontal cortex during rest, combined with a decrease in distractibility. The neurological literature on cognitive training is at an early stage, and results are varied and actually quite limited. It is difficult to predict whether training will increase or decrease neural activity, and how it might interact with age, as well as how durable effects are over time. It also

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is surprisingly difficult to assess whether any observed brain changes reflect a fundamental increase in neural capacity or merely a change in strategy. Lövdén et al39 suggest that specific strategy instructions Levetiracetam operate to reduce performance differences between subjects because, in a sense, such instructions level the playing field so that old and young participants are more likely to use similar and optimal strategies. At the same time, Lövdén et al39 observed that sustained cognitive training that followed the strategy instructions operated to magnify differences between individuals, because there was considerable heterogeneity in the ability of participants to profit from the training — that is, there were significant plasticity differences between subjects.