For example, moving from one nation to another involves acculturation, where the contingencies from the new culture compete with those of the old (Kottak, 2006). Acculturation implies social contingencies and adoption of new social practices by the immigrant. However, the kinase inhibitor Alisertib BEM guides the identification of explicit social contingencies operating that result in new normative behavior. Entering a bar where smoking is allowed increases the likelihood of reinforcement for smoking and for ��tolerating�� SHSe consistent with the ��bar culture.�� In communities that prohibit smoking in pubs, such microenvironments no longer represent cultures defined by smoking, SHSe, and supportive contingencies. This change can have far-reaching effects (Pierce & Le��n, 2008).

It disrupts the interlocked behaviors of drinking, smoking, and SHSe; it disassociates social/sexual and other powerful reinforcers for smoking and tolerating SHSe. Theoretically, disruption of these interlocking contingencies may generalize to other microenvironments, to weaken the tobacco industry’s influence on smokers more broadly. Government policies also influence local social contingencies. Such is the case with bars that have restricted smoking. Most of these changes have been predicated on new national or local government policies that restrict SHSe in public buildings. Thus, policies can jump-start the prohibition of smoking (to prevent nonsmokers�� SHSe) and by doing so speed the new culture that disassociates smoking, SHSe, and drinking and their past common contingent reinforcers.

The combination defines multiple levels of ��contingencies�� where policies alter bar owners�� practices that alter smoking, and that alters SHSe, and so forth. Changes in community norms in turn can produce feedback to influence new government policies. While more research is necessary to test these hierarchical relationships, there is already a growing body of research that has shown an association between implementation of smoke-free public policies and more favorable attitudes toward secondhand smoke (SHS) regulations (e.g., Fong et al., 2006; Hyland et al., 2009) and adoption of household smoking bans (e.g., Borland et al., 2006; Fong et al.; Norman et al., 2000). Culture at the center of control of tobacco Korean businessmen serve as a model subculture with respect to tobacco use and interlocking contingencies.

Traditional Korean men smoke as part of a social contingency system that includes providing cigarettes and tobacco paraphernalia as gifts. Business success Anacetrapib depends on smoking, drinking, and partying with supervisors and coworkers after work. However, when these men emigrate to California, their smoking prevalence drops from about 60% to about 30% (Song et al., 2004). We believe that this is due to the antitobacco culture in California countering the effects of former Korean cultural contingencies.