Although we observed an overall increase in apoptosis

in cystic kidneys, there was no difference between proximal or distal nephron segments. We also found increased cyclic AMP, aquaporin selleck kinase inhibitor 2 and vasopressin type 2 receptor mRNA levels, and apical membrane translocation of aquaporin 2 in cystic kidneys, all of which may contribute to the differential cyst growth rate observed. The accelerated polycystic kidney phenotype of these mice provides an excellent model for studying molecular pathways of cystogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies.”
“Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are important and diverse determinants of neuronal excitability and exhibit specific expression patterns throughout the brain. Among Kv channels, Kv4 channels are major determinants of somatodendritic A-type current and are essential in controlling the amplitude of backpropagating action potentials (IBAPs) into neuronal dendrites. BAPs have been well studied in a variety of neurons, and have been recently described in hippocampal and cortical interneurons, DAPT nmr a heterogeneous population of GABAergic inhibitory cells that regulate activity of principal cells and neuronal networks. We used well-characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies against the Kv4.3 and potassium channel interacting protein (KChIP) 1 subunits of A-type Kv channels,

and antibodies against different interneuron markers in single- and double-label immunohistochemistry experiments to analyze the expression

patterns of Kv4.3 and KChIP1 in hippocampal Ammon’s horn (CAI) neurons. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 40 pm rat brain sections using nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine staining or multiple-label immunofluorescence. Our results show that Kv4.3 and KChIP1 component subunits Thiamine-diphosphate kinase of A-type channels are co-localized in the soma and dendrites of a large number of GABAergic hippocampal interneurons. These subunits co-localize extensively but not completely with markers defining the four major interneuron subpopulations tested (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and somatostatin). These results suggest that CAI hippocampal interneurons can be divided in two groups according to the expression of Kv4.3/KChIP1 channel subunits. Antibodies against Kv4.3 and KChIP1 represent an important new tool for identifying a subpopulation of hippocampal interneurons with a unique dendritic A-type channel complement and ability to control BAPs. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Inflammation and chronic kidney disease predict cardiovascular events. Here we evaluated markers of inflammation including fibrinogen, albumin and white blood cell count in individuals with and without stages 3-4 chronic kidney disease to assess inflammation as a risk factor for adverse events, the synergy between inflammation and chronic kidney disease, and the prognostic ability of these inflammatory markers relative to that of C-reactive protein.