95 By contrast, the L/L genotype appears to contribute to the relationship between late-onset depression and dementia. Reduced hippocampal volume in this context may represent the effects of subcortical ischemia in vascular cognitive impairment96 or the prodromal AP24534 chemical structure symptoms of depression often seen in Alzheimer’s dementia.97 Although not consistently reported, some studies have shown that antidepressant treatment may prevent or even reverse hippocampal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical atrophy via neurogenesis.98,99 More research is required to determine the reliability of hippocampal

atrophy as a predictor treatment response.37 Other regions White matter hyperintensities on structural MRI negatively predict treatment response in late-onset depression.100,101 Fewer

white matter lesions are associated with remission and maintenance of remission in late-life depression with antidepressant treatment.101 White matter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease commonly results in varied neuropsychological deficits, primarily memory, executive, and language function,102 which are associated with poor response to antidepressants.37 Although the 5-1 IT transporter is widely believed to be involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown both increased and decreased binding potential of the 5-IIT transporter in the context of depression. These Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical mixed results may reflect inter-study variation of etiology or mood state leaving it as an unreliable biomarker

at present.103 Neuroimaging markers of antipsychotic treatment outcome Neuroimaging findings predicting treatment response to antipsychotics are less robust than those for antidepressants. Both brain atrophy by various measures (eg, sulcal width, ventricle size, etc.) and rate of gray matter loss Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are associated with poorer treatment outcome. Ventriculomegaly104 and cortical105 and cerebellar atrophy106 were found to predict response. More recently, the extent of gray matter atrophy over time was a better predictor of outcome than baseline abnormalities.107 Neurochemical (PET) imaging offers a minimally invasive means of exploring distinct properties and cerebral distribution of neurotransmitter Dichloromethane dehalogenase systems in vivo through the binding of receptor specific radiotracers. Binding potential is a principal measure in PET imaging studies that reflects both the density of available neuroreceptors and the affinity of a radiotracer to a given receptor. PET studies of dopamine 2 receptor (D9) binding potential have shown that greater than 60% occupancy is associated with increased likelihood of antipsychotic response, while greater than 80% robustly predicts EPS.