5 μg/ml ethidium bromide. An O’GeneRuler™ Ultra Low Range DNA ladder (Fermentas, Lithuania) was used as molecular weight marker. Results and discussion The pepA gene of B. pseudomallei consists

of 1512 nucleotides and encodes for 503 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass of the expressed protein was 52.7 kD (Gene annotation). In the zymographic analysis, a fragment with fluorescent activity was observed in the native gel loaded with the concentrated culture supernatant of B. pseudomallei NCTC 13178 (Figure 1). The enzyme activity was detected in the culture supernatant, suggesting that LAP is a bacterial secretory product, detectable at temperatures ranging from 30°C to #this website randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# 60°C (Figure 2) and pH ranging from 7 to 11 (Figure 3). The optimal LAP activity was at pH 9 and at 50°C. High optimum temperature has been reported for other LAPs: i.e. 60°C for tomatoes, E. coli and swine [15] and 70°C for Arabidopsis[16], whereas the alkaline pH of LAP has been reported for organisms such as E. coli and Arabidopsis thaliana[15, 16]. The alkaline pH is said to facilitate the interaction between unprotonated N-terminus substrate and hydrophobic core of LAP in order to hydrolyse QNZ purchase the substrate [17, 18]. The optimum activity of LAP at high

temperature and pH (as shown in this study) may be an essential factor for B. pseudomallei to be extremely adaptable in a wide variety of environments and able to survive during nutritional deprivation 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase and exposure to high temperature [19]. Figure 1 Zymographic analysis of B. pseudomallei leucine aminopeptidase

[12]. (8% polyacrylamide gel, 8 V/cm, 120 min.). Lane 1- commercial aminopeptidase I of Streptomyces griseus. Lane 2- concentrated crude extract of B. pseudomallei NCTC 13178; *figure prints in black and white. Figure 2 Effect of temperature on LAP activity of B. pseudomallei NCTC 13178. (activities expressed relative to maximum value). Figure 3 Effect of pH on LAP activity of B. pseudomallei NCTC 13178. (activities expressed relative to maximum value). The effects of metal ions and inhibitors on LAP activity are shown in Table 1. There was enhancement of LAP activity in the presence of metal ions, in the order of Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+. This observation is in agreement with previous studies whereby a broad range of metal-ion dependence has been demonstrated by metallo-aminopeptidases: i.e. Mn2+ by LAPs of E. coli[16], Mn2+ by human cytosolic aminopeptidase [20] and Ca2+ by Streptomyces griseus[21]. In contrast, EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and amastatin inhibited LAP activity completely whereas Mn2+ and Zn2+ exhibited partial inhibitory effects (relative activities of 52.2% and 42.8% respectively). Inhibition by chelating agents (EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline) is common in animal, plant and prokaryotic LAPs [16, 22–26]. The inhibitory effects exerted by the chelating agents are suggestive that the enzyme is a metalloprotease.