4Km ( Endrenyi, 1981). If taken too literally Endrenyi׳s analysis suggests that there is nothing to be gained by extending the range of substrate concentrations below 0.4Km. However, there are in fact two reasons not to take it too literally. First, it will rarely be certain that the observed rates have uniform standard deviation, and if, for example, they have uniform coefficient of variation (which may be more likely: see the discussion below of the assumptions Dinaciclib manufacturer in least squares), the ideal lower

limit is zero, not 0.4Km ( Endrenyi, 1981). Secondly, it will often not be safe to assume that there is no “blank rate”, i.e. that the rate is zero in the absence of substrate, and measurements at very low substrate concentrations will provide an indication of this. An appropriate design of an experiment for kinetic characterization of an enzyme involves

more than just choosing appropriate substrate and effector concentrations. Even if no pH or temperature dependence studies as such are being made, it is still selleck inhibitor necessary to choose appropriate pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc., and to choose an appropriate buffer. If the results are intended to have physiological meaning (including use for metabolic modelling, these conditions should be as close to physiological as possible, but for mechanistic studies they can be varied to supply the particular kind of information sought. In either case it is important to use a buffer appropriate for the pH to be used, with a pKa no more than 1 pH unit from the desired pH, and preferably less, so an acetate buffer (pKa=4.64) would be ineffective as a buffer at pH 7, for example. One must also take care that the buffer does not react with the enzyme or interfere with the assay: for example, glycylglycine is typically inappropriate for use with peptidases, unless and Hepes and numerous other buffers interfere with the Lowry method of protein analysis. When it is desirable to simplify the mixture as much as possible, the pHstat allows the pH to be

maintained constant without any chemical buffer. It is no more realistic in 2014 to suggest that biochemists should write their own computer programs to analyse their kinetic data than it would be to suggest that they should prepare their own ATP. So far as molecular biology is concerned it is clear that we live in an age of kits, and if that is less true of enzymology than of molecular biology it is mainly because enzymology is a less fashionable subject for which manufacturers do not find it worth their while to develop kits on the same scale. Nonetheless, parameter estimation has become almost entirely a matter of using commercial programs as if they were black boxes, without any idea of how they work or what they are assuming about the input data, in other words using them as kits.