The skills are grouped into five functional categories: (1) control of the conversation, (2) building rapport, (3) explaining, (4) listening, and (5) influencing.

The performance of a skill is assessed on a four-point scale: −2 = bad, −1 = inadequate, +1 = adequate, +2 = good. The skills are evaluated for their intrinsic quality, that is, how well the skill was performed, and for their contextual quality, that is, at what moment in the consultation the skill was performed [41]. The rules for these ratings are set out Selleckchem BGB324 in an illustrated manual. A CELI score (variable Score) is calculated from the skill scores of each consultation. The CELI score ranges from 0 (disastrous performance) to 10 (excellent performance). A score of 5.0 represents an equal number of positive and negative skill scores, and is interpreted as a mediocre performance of communication skills in the consultation. A score of 6.7 represents twice the number of positive versus negative skill scores and is interpreted as an adequate performance. The CELI instrument has good interrater reliability, convergent validity, and construct validity [39] and [42]. The three raters worked independently and observed each consultation at least twice in order to obtain accurate assessments. This procedure minimized assessment unreliability. Protease Inhibitor Library In our analyses the variable

Consultation distinguishes between the first (value 1) and second consultation (value 2) performed by the residents. To distinguish between consultation combinations that are similar or dissimilar in structure and required skills, we used the dummy variables Similar (BBN-PMD and NEG-DTR) and Dissimilar (NEG-PMD and BBN-DTR). Residents’ education in communication skills before graduation was STK38 established before they participated in the CST program. We distinguished three categories of the variable CST background: −1 = limited education in physician–patient communication (lectures, group discussion), but no genuine communication skills training; 0 = average communication skills training with role-play

in history-taking, but limited education in patient education and challenging topics; and 1 = extensive communication skills training with role-play in history-taking, patient education, and challenging consultations. We built and tested multilevel regression models to explain the variance in CELI scores. A multilevel analysis takes into account the multilevel structure of the data and provides parameter estimates of intercepts and random slopes of the regression model [43]. We built models with three levels (raters, consultations, residents) for the scores of all consultation combinations together, for the scores of the similar consultation combinations, and for the scores of the dissimilar consultation combinations.