For Experiment 3, data from Test 1 and the spontaneous recovery

For Experiment 3, data from Test 1 and the spontaneous recovery test were analyzed separately across the between- and within-subject factors of Group (context-extinction; alternate-context) and CS (CS+, CS−), respectively. Port entries averaged across blocks of two CS+ trials at test were analyzed across the within-subject factors of Block (1–8) and Test Context for Experiment 1, and Block (1–8) and Group (context-extinction, alternate-context) for Experiment 3. Mauchly’s

Test of Sphericity was #Tubacin manufacturer keyword# used to examine homoscedasticity and the Huynh-Feldt correction was applied when data violated the assumption of sphericity. Statistically significant main effects and interactions were investigated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical using t-tests for paired- or independent-samples. The criterion for statistical significance was P = 0.05. Analyses were conducted using SPSS v 11 (Chicago, IL). Results Experiment 1: Pavlovian-conditioned alcohol seeking in an alcohol-associated context or nonalcohol context Rats learned to discriminate between the alcohol-paired CS+ and the CS− (Fig. 1A).

Normalized port entries during the CS+ increased across session, whereas CS− responding stabilized at a lower Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical level (Session, F(13, 195) = 10.50, P < 0.001; CS, F(1, 15) = 31.56, P < 0.001; Session × CS, F(13, 195) = 5.92, P < 0.001). The number of total port entries per session (Fig. 1B) remained stable across PDT (Session, F(13, 195) = 1.25, P = 0.28). Figure

1 Acquisition of Pavlovian discrimination training for 16 rats across 14 sessions where Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical each CS+ trial was paired with 0.2 mL of 15% ethanol. CS− trials were not paired with ethanol. (A) Mean (± SEM) normalized port entries … At test, the number of port entries triggered by the CS+ was significantly higher in the alcohol-associated context, than in the nonalcohol context (Fig. 2). ANOVA conducted on normalized CS responding (Fig. 2A) revealed a significant main effect of CS (F(1, 15) = 46.90, P < 0.001), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and follow-up t-tests for paired-samples verified a significant difference responding to the CS+ and the CS− in the alcohol context AV-951 (t(15) = 5.70, P < 0.001) and nonalcohol context (t(15) = 4.86, P < 0.001). There was a near significant main effect of Test Context (F(1, 15) = 3.81, P = 0.07) and a significant Test Context × CS interaction (F(1, 15) = 7.98, P = 0.01). Paired-samples t-tests revealed that CS+ responding was higher in the alcohol context than in the nonalcohol context (t(15) = 2.41, P = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference across context in responding to the CS− (t(15) = −1.42, P = 0.18). Port entries made during consecutive CS+ trials (Fig. 2B) decreased across the test (Block, F(7, 105) = 4.74, P = 0.003), with a near significant Block × Test Context interaction (F(7, 105) = 2.26, P = 0.07).

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